1. “To Lucasta, Going to the Wars” p. 527 Context and Timeline
Richard Lovelace was a strong supporter of the English monarchy at a time when it was terribly unpopular.
Lovelace is considered a Cavalier Poet
Cavalier, which originally meant a soldier mounted on horseback (hear the similarity to “cavalry”?) was originally an insulting term used for supporters of King Charles I, though they themselves adopted it and used it proudly.
Cavalier poets are concerned with ideals of love, beauty, honor, and elegance. Unlike their contemporaries, the metaphysical poets (who were concerned with elaborate metaphors), Cavalier poetry is straightforward and to the point.

2. Historical Context for “Lucasta” cont.
“To Lucasta, Going to the Wars” was written in 1649, and it reflects Lovelace’s experiences during a military campaign for Charles I that would eventually lead to the English Civil War.
English Civil War began in October of 1642, and continued off and on for the next seven years.
King Charles I was executed in January of He is the first and only king of England to be executed by order of Parliament.

3. Some portraits of Cavalier style
Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles.
Another van Dyck portrait.
Richard Lovelace, circa 1650
What observations can we make about these “contemporary artifacts”? What might they tell you about the Lucasta poem?
How do our own contemporary ideas about clothing, honor, and masculinity color our readings of these paintings and the poem?
Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard painted by Anthony van Dyck, 1638

4. Further Questions for “Lucasta”
Describe the author’s attitude toward war. How does it connect with his attitude toward love? How are the two related?
What 17th century cultural assumptions about war, love, and honor are evident in this poem?
Based on what we know about the historical context of this poem, what do you think the original audience would have found most important in this poem?
What reaction do you as a modern reader have to this poem? What cultural contexts account for the difference between your reaction and the original audience’s?

5. “Dulce et Decorum Est” p. 642 Historical Context
Wilfred Owen wrote what is widely considered to be some of the finest war poetry in English about his experiences in the First World War.
Owen joined the armed forces 1915 out of a sense of patriotic obligation and very quickly underwent a transformation from patriotic, high-spirited young man to a disillusioned, war weary soldier.
Owen survived most of the war, but was killed on November 4, 1918 at the age of 25, seven days before the Armistice agreement that signaled the end of the fighting.

6. Further Context for “Dulce et Decoum Est”
World War I saw the first use of such developments in modern warfare as the machine gun, airplanes, and chemical warfare (mustard gas and other nerve agents).
An estimated 8.5 million soldiers died in the fighting, and that number does not include wounded and civilian deaths. The world had never seen anything like this in terms of the number of dead, and it earned WWI the title “The War to End All Wars.”

7. A Video on Wilfred Owen and “Dulce et Decorum Est”

8. Questions for “Dulce et Decorum Est”
Compare Owen’s attitude toward war to Lovelace’s. What traditionally held ideas about war and honor is Owen responding to?
What is the significance of the quote that is used for the title and for the last two lines of the poem?
What images in this poem are particularly striking to you? How might they have appeared to a public faced with modern warfare for the first time?
p. 527 and p.642

9. “The End and The Beginning” p. 648
What is this speaker’s attitude toward war?
What is the significance of line 20?
How is it related to the “other side of war” that this poem discusses? The side that no one wants to talk about?
No glory
No horrific enough
Drudgery
Sometimes seen as “women’s part in war”
What is the significance of the final image?