1. Motivations for Exploration
The 3 “G”s
GOLD-money was the great motivation
GOD-later missionaries to convert the natives
GLORY-personal fame and hopefully fortune
But they still needed inventions to help them travel across the seas…

2. The Caravel: major transportation vessel
The Caravel: major transportation vessel. Allowed for huge cargoes to be moved around the world. New sails, compass, and sextant

3. Portugal began the era of exploration, led by Henry the Navigator
Portugal began the era of exploration, led by Henry the Navigator. (he never went anywhere, just paid for the voyages) Why Portugal?

4. Led by first Dias then DaGama Portugal explored the coast of Africa
Led by first Dias then DaGama Portugal explored the coast of Africa. Why? DaGama was first European to round Cape Of Good Hope and travel to India by sea

5. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

6. Columbus’ Four Voyages

7. The Pope’s Line of Demarcation The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1493 & 1494

8. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

9. Trans-Atlantic SLAVE TRADE

10. Slavery in the New World
There were plenty of natives in the new world, so why did the Europeans need Africans?
Contact with Europe and Asia meant more resistant to the diseases that killed so many American natives.
Were not white or Christian which made it easier to treat them as “livestock” rather than people.
Familiar with the cash crops being grown (especially sugar)
The result was the largest forced migration in history. The estimate is 12 million arrived in the new world.
The issue is how many left Africa? What was the impact on Africa?

11. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
Sugar cane grew very well in he Caribbean. However it was a very labor intensive crop. How did this lead to the import of African slaves?

12. Dutch Windmill Cane Press
The sugar industry was very lucrative (made money).
WHY?

13. Slave Trade is Not “Black and White”

14. Arab Slave Trade
~11 to 18 million Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and taken across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert between 650 and 1900
Slavery not a “European” idea
Used as sex slaves, domestic servants/nannies
Creates “slave economy” in Africa.

17. Elmina Slave Castle, Ghana

26. What do you see in the picture
What do you see in the picture? What does it tell about the slave trade in Africa?

27. Male Slave Experience

31. Female Slave Experience

40. Olaudah Equiano
“…The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died… …The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable.”

42. Impact on Africa
We cannot reckon how great the damage is, since the merchants daily seize our subjects, sons of the land and sons of our noblemen, vassals and relatives ... and cause them to be sold; and so great, Sir, is their corruption and licentiousness that our country is being utterly depopulated. Affonso I, in a letter to King John of Portugal, 1526
Tribal rivalries increased
European “theft” of African resources
Transportation of Slaves

43. Dutch Expansion
Masters of the “carrying trade” (lowest shipping rates in Europe).
Development of Joint Stock Company
Dutch East India Company
Interested in trade not religion / conversion!!
The Tulip bulb became a massive source of wealth

44. Goods allegedly exchanged for a single bulb of the Viceroy
Two lasts of wheat ƒ
A last = 100lbs net weight.
Four lasts of rye ƒ
Four fat oxen ƒ
Eight fat swine ƒ
Twelve fat sheep ƒ
Two hogsheads of wine ƒ
Commonly, a hogshead = 63 gals
Four tuns of beer ƒ
Commonly, a tun = 252 gals. That's 15 kegs per tun,
Two tons of butter ƒ
1,000 lb. of cheese ƒ
A complete bed ƒ
A suit of clothes ƒ
A silver drinking cup ƒ
Total 2500ƒ
A skilled laborer might earn 150 florins a year

46. Downfall of Mughal India
Thriving culture in India.
Most famous Mughal landmark
Taj Mahal
Had trade monopoly
Allowed Europeans free access.
Lack of tolerance for Hinduism
Tried to conquer all of India.
Too big – military stretched too thin.
European expansion into India

47. Chinese Exploration… Xeng He (Cheng Ho) flagship!!!

48. Ming China
Chinese Porcelain was new product in high demand along with silks and spices
Who controlled trade? Europe or
China? What support is there?
Canton was the only port open to
Europeans.
Jesuits try to convert Asians.
Their education helped, China liked
their new ideas.

49. Manchu / Qing Dynasty Adopted Confucian ideals
Strict order to society based on relationships.
Ruler/subject, Father/son, Husband/wife, brothers, friends
As long as relationships were proper, society thrived
Women second class / subordinate
Supported foot binding (see shoes)
Still controlled trade with Europe
Europeans tried to control their losses by negotiating – Lord McCartney
FAILED
China failed to see potential of European power and suffers in the 19th century.

50. Korea and Japan Korea invaded by both China and Japan.
Culture becomes a blend.
Korea isolates itself – Hermit Kingdom
Japan too tried to isolate itself from European influence
Jesuits tried to converted many but were forced out by the Tokogawa Shogun and Japanese ruling classes known as Daimyo.
Only the Dutch were allowed in – Why?
Not religious – only interested in trade and knowledge!