1. Animation

2. Two major forms of animation
Stop-motion animation
Model
Puppet
Claymation
Pixelation
Cut-out animation
Cartoon or created animation
Cartoons
CGI

3. Animation has a long history
Early visual toys
Development of animation in early days of film
Gertie the Dinosaur
Animated shorts
Felix the Cat
Mickey Mouse
Merrie Melodies

4. Disney
During the 1930s Walt Disney’s animation studios came to dominate the commercial animation scene
Turned to feature-length films after Snow White
Naturalism
Shorts were often produced by Warner Bros, Fleischer, others
More abstract

5. UPA
Very abstract
Limited animation
Cheaper

6. Cartoon animation At first, all pictures were hand-drawn completely
Cel process
Portion of the picture that moves is drawn on plastic sheet, background remains steady
As animation progressed, multiple cel layers were developed

7. Cartoon animation
Developed a system (Disney perfected) where main animators would produce “key frames” or pictures that occurred at most important moments of action, then “tweeners” would produce the pictures that occurred between the key frames

8. Rotoscoping
To improve the naturalness of the motion, the device projected actual photos onto a light table where they were traced and the outline was then filled in with cartoon character
Used in Snow White to make her movements more realistic

9. Abstract animation
Many animators do not want to present animation as though it were real—want the art of the visual and the audio to be retained
Fantasia
Abstract independent animation

10. Stop motion Take picture, move object, take picture
Painstaking process
Can look jerky
Models can have mechanical problems
May need multiple models/puppets, etc.

11. Stop motion
Melies
King Kong
Gumby
Wallace and Gromit