1. Warmup 8-23-16 – homework in basket
1. Use the words producer, secondary consumer, tertiary, primary consumer, decomposer to fill in the following energy pyramid
Grass  cricket  snake  hawk  bacteria
Identify the decomposer
Identify the producer
Which organism has more energy available– grass or hawk
True or false: Energy flows from snake to cricket.

2. Watersheds and polluted run-off

4. o When the ground is saturated or impermeable to water during heavy rains or snowmelt, excess water flows over the surface of land as runoff. Eventually, this water collects in channels such as streams. The land area that drains water into channels is called the watershed or drainage basin. o

5. Watersheds are separated from each other by areas of higher elevation called ridgelines or divides. Near the divide of a watershed, water channels are narrow and can contain fast-moving water. At lower elevations, the slope of the land decreases, causing water to flow more slowly. As smaller streams merge, the width of the channel increases. Eventually, water collects in a wide river that empties into a body of water, such as a lake or ocean.

6. Watershed lab steps
1. Make the watershed using the two cups, tray, and two pieces of aluminum foil.
2. Make a sketch at the bottom of page 13. Label the High and Low elevations.
3. Have the intitial rainshower. Add blue to your sketch on page 13.
4. Add in the orange, green, and brown powder and then have the second rainshower.
5. Add in the colors on your sketch page 13.
6. Clean your area and go back to your seat to work on pages 14 and 15 in complete sentences.

7. The water cycle

9. Condensation Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation The Clouds form
The movement through plants
Precipitation
The rain falls
Evaporation
The vapor rises

10. What is a watershed?
A watershed is nature’s boundary for water. It includes all the land that drains water to a single stream, river, lake, or body of water.
It is the area of land where all the water that is under it or drains off it goes into the same place.
Everywhere you stand on the earth can be divided by different watershed boundaries – you are always in a watershed!

11. Watersheds

12. Everyone lives in a watershed
You don’t need to visit the Grand Canyon to see a watershed.
You’re already in one!
Your own backyard is part of a watershed.
Everyone lives in a watershed – Your own backyard is part of a watershed. Down the street, there may be a small creek or drainage ditch, which will eventually lead to a larger stream, river, pond, or lake. This means that what happens in your backyard, and your neighbor’s backyard, affects your whole environmental neighborhood!

13. The System of Watersheds
Watersheds are like pieces of a puzzle:
Each is part of a larger picture or mosaic.
“Watershed” is a relative term – a watershed can drain an area as small as a few city blocks, or as large as an entire geographical region, such as the Ohio River Basin. Smaller watersheds come together to form larger watersheds, much like puzzle pieces fit together to create a larger picture.

14. They can be broken down into smaller and smaller increments.
Watersheds come in all shapes and sizes.
They cross county, state, and national boundaries.

15. A Nested System
Larger watersheds contain smaller watersheds, which contain even smaller ones.
Another way of looking at watersheds is that they are a nested system – larger watersheds encompass many smaller watersheds. For example, the “Lena Gulch” watershed in Colorado’s Rocky Mountain Foothills drains only 14 square miles of land, but the water from Lena Gulch eventually combines with water from numerous other small watersheds in the central U.S. to form the very large Missouri River Basin.

16. Watershed Addresses
Just as our homes have street addresses, our neighborhood watersheds have environmental addresses.
(Click the map to open a web browser to the USGS Locate your Watershed website, where you can drill down to specific watersheds in your broadcast area.)
(Note that an Internet connection is required.)

17. Where does our water come from?
All of our freshwater starts as precipitation, which moves continually through the hydrologic cycle.
Condensation
Precipitation
Snowmelt
Springs
Streams and rivers
Infiltration into the ground
Lakes
Evaporation
(Click this picture to link out to a local web page containing an animated version of the hydrologic cycle.)
All of our freshwater starts out as rain or snow, which moves through the “hydrologic cycle.” When rain or snow falls, some of it soaks into the ground, replenishing groundwater supplies in natural, underground storage areas called “aquifers.” Some of the water also runs over the land into streams, rivers, and lakes. Both groundwater and surface waters eventually drain to the ocean. When water evaporates and condenses, the cycle begins again with rain or snowfall.
Aquifers
Ocean Storage
Groundwater flow to oceans

18. Water, water, everywhere….
Rainfall and snow melt flowing into streams, wetlands, rivers, lakes, and eventually the ocean.
Water travels through the soil to become groundwater.
Watersheds with lots of hills and mountains – runoff is quick.
Watersheds that are flat – runoff is slow and may soak into the ground before reaching water.

19. Kentucky watersheds

20. How big is a watershed?
As small as a few acres or as large as several states!
Mississippi River watershed is about million square miles with thousands of smaller watersheds.

21. Watersheds vs basins A basin is a large- scale watershed.
Kentucky has 12.

22. What is a Basin?
Basin is an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice gathers to a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another water body, such as a river, lake, or ocean.

23. What are watersheds used for?
Houses
Shopping centers
Parks
Golf courses
Factories
Farms
Roads
***all affect how water flows and water quality!

24. Polluted run-off: Non-point source pollution
Caused by rain and flood water washing over our nations landscapes, picking up pollutants such as dirt, oil, pesticides, animal wastes, and other substances.
Substances are then deposited into our rivers, lakes, bays, coastal waters, ground water, and even drinking water supplies.
88% of the impairment of our streams and rivers are caused by polluted runoff.

25. The Surface-Groundwater System
Ground Water- flows underground as springs or underground rivers. Water underground is stored in an aquifer.
Surface and underground water bodies form an inter-connected system. Surface water recharges groundwater storage.
Groundwater also flows up into surface water bodies.
A closer look at surface waters (streams, rivers, and lakes) and groundwater reveals an interconnected system. Streams, rivers, and lakes help to replenish groundwater supplies in aquifers, while groundwater flows up into surface water bodies. During dry times, surface waters can be derived almost completely from groundwater supplies.

26. Weather & Watersheds: Pollution
What is the most common cause of pollution in streams, rivers, and oceans?
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Dumping of garbage by cities
Surface water running off yards, streets, paved lots, and farm fields
Trash washed into the ocean from beaches
Waste dumped by factories
Have your audience guess the correct answer (#2). (Go to next slide for more information.)

27. Sources of Pollution
Precipitation runoff from farms, lawns, and paved surfaces is the leading source of water pollution in America today.
Many people still believe that industry creates most of the water pollution in our streams, rivers, and oceans. Actually, “non-point source” or runoff pollution is the most common cause of pollution – that’s water running off yards, streets, paved lots, and farm fields, which picks up pollutants along the way.

28. What’s in the water? Main pollutants: Fertilizers Herbicides
Insecticides
Oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from urban areas
Sediment
Road Salt
Bacteria and Nitrogen
Air pollutants
(Click the picture to open a web browser to the EPA Window to My Environment website, where you can find out about
impairments to waterbodies in your broadcast area. In the new window, enter your city and state, then click Create My Window.
When the map window opens, click the Your Environment tab and follow the Are There Polluted Waters link. (Note that an Internet connection is required.))
Some of the most common water pollutants are yard care chemicals, such as fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides; oil, grease, and other toxics from urban areas; soil; road salts used during the winter season; bacteria and nutrients found in animal waste; and air pollutants that are deposited in water bodies.
As an example, key effects on water quality in Atlanta are pathogens, sediments, and habitat altteration.

29. Protecting Watersheds: What You Can Do Everyday
Simple Ways to Protect Your Watershed
Don’t Dump or Litter
Water and Landscape Wisely
Control the Flow
Pick up After Rover
Fix that Leak
Participate in a Cleanup
Regardless of where you live, there are simple actions you can take everyday to help protect your watershed and water quality in local streams, rivers, lakes, and groundwater supplies.
Don’t dump! Make sure that only rainwater and snowmelt goes into storm drains and ditches, which lead directly to local surface waters. Never put trash or household chemicals in or near a storm drain or ditch.
Be yard smart. Choose plants that are well-adapted to your climate and water wisely. Turn those sprinklers off when there is rain in the forecast, and hold-off on outdoor fertilizer and pesticide applications until dry weather is in the forecast.
Control the Flow. Save water by installing low-flow toilets and showerheads. These fixtures use significantly less water without sacrificing comfort!
Pick it up. Every time you and Rover hit the road, make sure to take a plastic bag with you to pick-up waste and throw it away in a trash can. Don’t forget to pick-up in your yard, too.
Fix those leaks. Check your home for leaky faucets and fixtures, which can result in a major waste of water!
Get involved – join a local watershed group in a cleanup or restoration activity.

30. What are the major causes of polluted runoff?
Acid mine drainage
Agriculture
Urban runoff

31. Page 14
3. All the precipitation accumulates in various watersheds, flows downhill through lakes, rivers, and streams and ends up in a basin. The basin opens to a larger body of water and ends up in the ocean.

32. 4. Water moves from areas of high elevation to lower elevation
4. Water moves from areas of high elevation to lower elevation. Pollutants from miles and miles away can affect all sources of water. All water ends up in the oceans.

33. Beargrass Creek Reading pages 17 - 23
This is a group activity.
Summarize each paragraph in words.
You will do a scaffolded reading.
You will then add two notes on page 24 for each of your sections. They need to be detailed, complete thoughts.
You will number off 1-6.
Each group member as their own page.
Start by numbering the paragraphs.
You will then share your sections with your group members.
Then underline at least 3 words in each paragraph that are important.
Page 24 will be complete at the end of class.