1. Argument in Ordinary Language
8th Meeting
Argument in Ordinary Language

2. We need to translate syllogistic argument into standard form
Syllogism which has more than three terms must be reduced to three
The way is : by elimination of synonims, and elimination of complementary classes

3. Three deviations
The Order : the order in which the premisses and conclusion happen to be stated may not be that of the standard-form syllogism.
Components of propositions: The components of propositions may appear to involve more than three premisses
Not all be standard-form proposition: the components of propositions of the syllogism may not all be standard-form propositions

4. Exercises No wealthy person are vagrants All lawyers are rich people
Therefore no attorneys are tramps
No wealthy persons are vagrants
All lawyers are wealthy persons
Therefore no lawyers are vagrant
(Standard form is EAE-1)

5. Four terms, and being reduced
Example-1 All mammals are warm-blooded animals No lizards are warm-blooded animals Therefore all lizards are nonmammals

6. The correct translation into standard form
All mammals are warm-blooded animals No lizards are warm-blooded animals Therefore no lizards are mammals

7. Example 2: to be translated into standa formr
No nonresidents are citizens All noncitizens are nonvoters Therefore all voters are residents

8. The correct translation into standard form
All citizens are residents All voters are citizens Therefore all voters are residents

9. 9 different kinds of Nonstandard proposition
Singular propositions
Propositions having adjectives as predicates
Proposition having main verbs other than the copula “to be”
Statement having standard-form ingredients but in standard-form order
Propositions having quantifiers other than “all’, “no” and “some”
Exclusive propositions, using “only” or “non but”
Proposition without words indicating quantity
Proposition not resembling standard-form proposition at all
Exceptive propositions, using “all except” or similar expression

10. Some preachers are person of unfailing vigor
Some preachers are person of unfailing vigor. No preachers are non intellectuals. some intellelctuals are persons of unfailing vigor
All things inflammable are unsafe things, so al l things that are safe are nonexplosives, since all explosisives are flammable things.

11. All useful things are objects no more than six feet long, since all difficult things to store are useless things, and no objects over six feet long are easy things to store

12. Common form of syllogistic arguments
Enthymemes: syllogistic arguments in which one of the constituent propositions has been suppressed
Sorites: a chain of syllogisms may compressed into a cluster of linked propositions

13. Transgenic animals are manmade and as such are patentable
As a matter of fact, man, like woman, is flesh, therefore passive, the plaything of his hormones and of the species , the restless prey of his desires

14. Henry is interested only in making money, but you cannot serve both God and Mammon! He knows his own child, so he must be a wise father. It is probable true that the least destructive nuclear weapons are most dangerous, because they make it easier for a nuclear war to begin

15. Disjungtive and hypothetical syllogism
They contain disjunctive or hypothetical premises

16. Dillemas
Dillemas are disjuntive arguments in which one’s adversary is forced to an unacceptable conclusion

17. Exercises
All H is M S is an H So, s is an M All H is M Some S is H So some s is M

18. Everyone who saw the game was at the dance Not quite all the students were at the dance So some students didn’t see the game All persons who saw the game are persons who were at the dance Some students are person who were at the dance So some students are not person who saw the game