1. Alternate Version of STARTING OUT WITH C++ 4th Edition
Chapter 4
Making Decisions
Copyright 2004
Scott/Jones Publishing

2. Topics 4.4 The if/else if Statement 4.5 Menus 4.6 Nested if Statements
4.7 Logical Operators
4.8 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators
Chapter 4 slide 2

3. 4.4 The if/else if Statement
Chain of if statements that test in order until one is found to be true
Also models thought processes
“If it is raining, take an umbrella,
else, if it is windy, take a hat,
else, if it is sunny, take sunglasses.”
Chapter 4 slide 3

4. if/else if Format if (expression) { statement set 1; }
else if (expression)
{ statement set 2; …
{ statement set n;
See pr4-07.cpp
Chapter 4 slide 4

5. Using a Trailing else
Used with if/else if statement when none of (expression) is true
Provides a default statement/action
Can be used to catch invalid values or handle other exceptional situations
Chapter 4 slide 5

6. Example if/else if with Trailing else
if (age >= 21)
cout << “Adult”;
else if (age >= 13)
cout << “Teen”;
else if (age >= 2)
cout << “Child”;
else
cout << “Baby”;
See pr4-09.cpp
Chapter 4 slide 6

7. 4.5 Menus
Menu-driven program: program execution controlled by user selecting from a list of actions
Menu: list of choices on the screen
Can be implemented using if/else if statements
Chapter 4 slide 7

8. Menu-driven program organization
Display list of numbered or lettered choices for actions.
Input user’s selection
Test user selection in (expression)
if a match, then execute code to carry out desired action
if not, then test with next (expression)
See pr4-10.cpp
Chapter 4 slide 8

9. 4.6 Nested if Statements
An if statement that is part of the if or else part of another if statement
Can be used to evaluate > 1 data item or condition
if (score < 100) {
if (score > 90)
grade = 'A'; }
Chapter 4 slide 9

10. Notes on Coding Nested ifs
An else matches the nearest if that does not have an else
if (score < 100)
if (score > 90)
grade = 'A';
else ... // goes with second if,
// not first one
Proper indentation helps greatly
See pr4-11.cpp and pr4-12.cpp
Chapter 4 slide 10

11. Operators, Meaning, and Explanation
4.7 Logical Operators
Used to create relational expressions from other relational expressions
Operators, Meaning, and Explanation
&&
AND
New relational expression is true if both expressions are true || OR
New relational expression is true if either expression is true !
NOT
Reverses the value of an expression; true expression becomes false, and false becomes true
Chapter 4 slide 11

12. Logical Operator Examples
int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;
(x > y) && (y > z)
true
(x > y) && (z > y)
false
(x <= z) || (y == z)
(x <= z) || (y != z)
!(x >= z)
See pr4-13.cpp, pr4-14.cpp, and pr4-15.cpp
Chapter 4 slide 12

13. Logical Precedence Example: (2 < 3) || (5 > 6) && (7 > 8)
Highest !
&&
Lowest ||
Example:
(2 < 3) || (5 > 6) && (7 > 8)
is true because AND is done before OR
Chapter 4 slide 13

14. More on Precedence Highest arithmetic operators relational operators
Lowest
logical operators
Example:
8 < || 5 == is true
Chapter 4 slide 14

15. Logical Operator Notes
Short circuit evaluation
If the value of an expression can be determined by evaluating just the sub-expression on left side of a logical operator, the sub-expression on the right side is not evaluated
True OR anything is true
False AND anything is false
Chapter 4 slide 15

16. 4.8 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators
Used to test if a value is within a range
if (grade >= 0 && grade <= 100)
cout << "Valid grade";
Can also test if a value lies outside a range
if (grade <= 0 || grade >= 100)
cout << "Invalid grade";
Cannot use mathematical notation
if (0 <= grade <= 100) //Doesn’t
//work!
Chapter 4 slide 16

17. Alternate Version of STARTING OUT WITH C++ 4th Edition
Chapter 4 Making Decisions
Copyright 2004
Scott/Jones Publishing