1. Introduction to Style Analysis, and Argumentation Chs 3 and 4, RRW
Application of Ch. 2, Style Analysis
Ch. 4, Writing Effective Arguments
And Ch. 3, The Basics of Argument, RRW

2. Style Analysis – Avoiding Wordiness
Jargon
Cliché
Wordiness
Group Work (2-3 people), 4 exercises from previous class…

3. Chapter 4, Writing Effective Arguments
A few preliminary thoughts…
Why begin here with Chapter 4?
Main ideas…
Know your audience… (a “formal” essay)
Maintain a respectful, conciliatory tone
Assume a skeptical audience

4. Chapter 4, Writing Effective Arguments
Have a refutation element in your essay—don’t make assumptions about your reader….
The importance of anticipating—and refuting—arguments, before the opponent can even state them… (Aristotle)
Seen in political debates…

5. Chapter 3, The Basics of Argument
Again, Aristotle: Logos (literally, the “word”), Pathos, Ethos
Karios = the occasion / situation (What should we do in response? What type of argument?)
Again, Kenneth Burke and “identification” (consubstantiality)…
Politician: “I was once a farm boy myself…”
Sports cars, clothes  identity, image…
“Good causes” may be ploys in marketing...  ethos and identification… (then add “positioning”…)

6. Chapter 3, The Basics of Argument
Discuss key terms…
Claims = debatable assertions (usually inferences or judgments) [The Beatles are the greatest music group ever… Cloning is wrong…]
Inferences = conclusions (opinions) based upon facts
Judgments = opinions based on values, beliefs, or philosophical concepts
**Avoid “I believe,” “I think,” and “I feel” in your essay (why?)
Fact vs. False Fact; Inference vs. Judgment (RRW, pp )

7. Chapter 3, The Basics of Argument
Using Toulmin’s language of argument…
(Some arguments will NOT have qualifiers or rebuttals…)
Claim
Evidence
Assumptions (warrants) – principles/assumptions that allow us to assert that our “grounds” do indeed support our claim (example: “It is appropriate to judge and rank tennis players based on these kinds of statistics…”)
Grounds (Reasons, Data, Evidence) – Why do you think that?
***Qualifier – If / When… then… to avoid sweeping generalizations
Warrant (note phrase, “rests on an assumption that…”)
Backing (e.g., authoritative sources)
***Rebuttal