1. Chapter 9
The Hydrosphere

2. The Hydrosphere Nature of Water The Hydrologic Cycle The Oceans
Permanent Ice
Surface Waters
Underground Water

3. Water is critical to every living organism in the biosphere!
Water is a part of all living things on earth. There is even water in rocks.

4. Earth Moisture Inventory

5. Three States of Water

6. A Water Molecule - Sticky Water
H = 1 electron
Not satisfied, it needs 2
O = 8 electrons
Not satisfied, it needs 10
Each H atom shares its 1 e with O, and O shares 1 of its 6 outer e’s with H
NOW BOTH ARE SATISFIED

7. Water Properties Sticky – surface tension Holds heat or cold
Is liquid at normal temperatures
Excellent solvent
Is subject to gravity, but can move upwards – capillary action

8. Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation Transpiration
Vertical & Horizontal Transport
Earth has had the same amount of moisture for 100,000’s of years. But, it is not always stored in the same form (state).
It can be stored as liquid, as vapor or as ice.

9. Hydrologic Cycle
The annual precipitation for earth is more than 30 times the atmosphere's total capacity to hold water. This indicates the rapid recycling of water that occurs between earth's surface and the atmosphere.
.001 %
2.4 %
97.5 %

10. Evaporation Water is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere.
It is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.
Approximately 80% of all evaporation is from the oceans, the remaining 20% from inland water and vegetation.
Winds transport evaporated water around the globe.
Transport influences the humidity of the air throughout the world.

11. Condensation
The change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water.
Generally occurs in the atmosphere, when warm air rises, cools and loses its capacity to hold water vapor.
As a result, excess water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets.

12. Transport by Advection
The movement of water through the atmosphere, specifically from over the oceans to over the land.
Some of the earth's moisture transport is visible as clouds, which consist of ice crystals and/or tiny water droplets.
Clouds are propelled from one place to another by the Jet Stream or surface-based circulations.
Most water is transported in the form of water vapor.

13. Precipitation
The primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth.
There are several forms of precipitation: - rain (most common United States) - hail - snow - sleet - freezing rain

14. Hydrologic Cycle Definitions
Evaporation: the conversion of liquid water on Earth’s surface lifted into the atmosphere as a gas.
Advection (transport): transport of water vapor around the globe in the atmosphere
Precipitation: transfer of water from the atmosphere back to earth.
Ground transport: movement of water on surface and underground (always trying to get back to the ocean)

15. The Hydrologic Cycle Vertical: Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation
Horizontal:
Transport = Advection
Surface Runoff
Sub-surface run-off

16. Moisture Balance Oceans Versus Continents

17. Oceans 4 Oceans: Characteristics: Pacific Movement: Atlantic Indian
Density: varies with temp, salinity, and depth
Temp: 80°F at the equator to 28°F in Arctic & Antarctic
Salinity: chemical = 35ppt
Movement:
Tides: 6 hrs/day water rises & 6 hrs/day water falls
Currents: variety of currents shift water vertically and horizontally
Waves: movement of energy more than matter
4 Oceans:
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic

18. Oceans and Seas
Figure 9-6

19. Permanent Ice
Ice on land:
Glaciers
Permafrost
Ice floating on ocean:

20. Glaciers

21. Extent of Permafrost Encircles the North Pole
Continuous permafrost at 60°N and higher

22. Earth’s Largest Ice Pack
No land/continent under the Arctic
It is ice floating on water

23. Surface Water Lakes: Swamps & Marshes: Rivers & Streams:
not permanent features
Not made by, but maintained by streams
Fresh water and salt water
Swamps & Marshes:
Closely related to lakes, but less numerous and contain less water
Swamps have trees
Marshes have grasses and rushes
Rivers & Streams:
Any flowing water is a stream
Dynamic component of the hydrologic cycle

24. World’s Largest Lakes

25. Major Drainage Basins
Figure 9-18

26. Underground Water
More than 2.5 times that contained in lakes & streams
More widely distributed
Porosity is percentage of pores (spaces)/total volume of matter. The more porous the material, the more water it can hold.
Aquifers and Aquicludes
Zone of Saturation
Water Table
Cone of Depression
Zone of Confined Water
Artesian Systems
The Ogallala Aquifer

27. Aquifer
Aquiclude
Underground water is stored in, and moves slowly through permeable rocks.
This layer is called an aquifer.
Rate of flow varies with situation.
Impermeable materials i.e., clay or very dense rock, prevent water movement
This layer is an aquiclude.

28. Zones Zone of Aeration: Zone of Saturation: Zone of Confined Water:
Closest to the surface
Contains clay particles and soil moisture
Zone of Saturation:
Below zone of aeration
All openings in bedrock or sediments are saturated with water
Zone of Confined Water:
below zone of saturation
Impermeable layer – aquiclude – below surface prevents water from percolating down
Water comes in from the sides
Waterless Zone:
Overlying pressure increases density of rock to the point that no pores exist – no room for water.

30. Cone of Depression In the zone of saturation
Well fills with water to level of water table
If water removed faster than replenished, it collapses

31. Artesian System Dug below aquiclude Confined aquifer
Pressure forces water up

32. Artesian Well

33. The Ogallala Aquifer Classic example of ground water mining
Largest U.S. aquifer
Located southern & central Great Plains
Water accumulating for 30,000 years
In 1950, it contained 456 trillion gallons of water
It will be dry in 10 – 50 years, depending on location