1. Bioethics
What is right?

2. What Are ethics? A decision about what is right or wrong.
It may differ by country, generation, or religion.

3. Who decides what is ethical?
Review boards are established to approve proposed research and oversee current experiments.

4. How are ethical decisions made?
The Hippocratic Oath outlines behavioral expectations for doctors.
This was not enough
There are now many documents that help guide decisions about bioethics.
Nuremburg Code
Declaration of Helsinki

5. Primary Guidelines Respect each individual
Minimize harm/ Maximize benefit
Fairness
Authenticity

6. Insulin: a case of fairness.

7. His decision:

8. Steroids: A Issue of Authenticity
What should Carl do?

9. Using Humans as Test Subjects
The research must be valuable and have sufficient evidence to suggest that it could be beneficial
Informed Consent
Minimize risks
Cannot deny treatments that are known to be helpful
Must safeguard vulnerable populations
The group that is used as test subjects must also benefit

10. Is this Ethical?

11. Animal Research Animals must not suffer unnecessarily
The benefits must exceed the risk to the animals and generate useful information
They should be well taken care of during the experiment and euthanized (only if necessary) or treated to remedy the condition upon completion of the experiment.
Animal Experiments on Chimpanzees

12. Other Ethical considerations
Publishing incomplete information about the procedure
Misrepresenting data