1. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A1 Water in Emergencies Session 11A Context Specific Scenarios (1 of 4) Armed conflicts

2. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A2 Water in Armed Conflicts Exercise: What are the additional challenges for the provision of water in armed conflicts ? S Field / OXFAM-GB

3. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A3 Sarajevo & Srebrenica, former Yugoslavia, 1992-3 Water supply pipeline cut Queues at water points > 50m day and night 10 km pipeline constructed – people desperate & drilled holes in emergency pipeline Sniping & shelling prevented repairs to leaks Water plants blown up Access to pumping stations refused Noxious & polluting armoury materials in water sources Mined access routes ICRC (1994) Water and war; Symposium on water in armed conflicts, Montreaux, 21-23, Nov

4. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A4 Nepal civil war, 1996 - 2007 Difficult for government technicians to reach rural areas Ban on metal pipes into rural areas – used for bombs Cutting of pipes from spring supplies into hill towns - where military were based at high point (near water reservoir) S House / OXFAM-GB

5. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A5 Iraq, 1991 Surgical strikes on electricity stations Water supplies rely on electricity Diesel in short supply – strategic importance Shortage of spare parts Sewage treatment plants broken, pipes broken Untreated sewage into river – source of water supply Some water installations targeted by looting – seen as facilities belonging to the Iraqi State ICRC (1994) Water and war; Symposium on water in armed conflicts, Montreaux, 21-23, Nov

6. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A6 Liberia, civil war, 1989 - 2003 Government system broken down and no back up support Displacement of people and trained personnel at village level Theft of tools Difficult to access spares – distance, inflated prices Infrastructure destroyed / not maintained Limited funds for repair

7. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A7 Community of Gbamjata, Panta-kpa District, Bong County, Liberia Kept their pump going from 1999 - 2007 Changed U-seal 10 times, paying up to 25 USD per piece during the war (2007 cost = 1 USD) Had training from ACF Had some income from trucks stopping along main road Borrowed tools from trucks when theirs were stolen S House / ACF

8. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11A8 Responding to Conflict Make warring parties aware of Protocol 1, additional to the 1949 Geneva Convention – not targeting water supplies of civilian population Use the conflict negotiation & water skills of ICRC Negotiate for continued access to water supplies Care over selection of water sources Train more people per village in maintenance Simple systems, locally available spare parts