1. A Critical Analysis of Surgery for Kidney Cancer with Vena Cava Invasion 
Ziya Kirkali, Hein Van Poppel 
European Urology 
Volume 52, Issue 3, Pages (September 2007)
DOI: /j.eururo
Copyright © 2007 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
The Mayo classification of macroscopic venous invasion in renal cell carcinoma [8]. Level I: Tumor thrombus is either at the entry of the renal vein or within the inferior vena cava (IVC)<2cm from the confluence of the renal vein and the IVC. Level II: Thrombus extends within the IVC>2cm above the confluence of the renal vein and IVC but still remains below the hepatic veins. Level III: Thrombus involves the intrahepatic IVC. The size of the thrombus ranges from a narrow tail that extends into the IVC to one that fills the lumen and enlarges the IVC. Level IV: Thrombus extends above the diaphragm or into the right atrium.
European Urology  , DOI: ( /j.eururo )
Copyright © 2007 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions