1. the corticobulbar system

2. Resources
Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas; Chapter 11 Introduction (Handout)
Year 1: Neuroanatomy Atlas
Descending motor pathways--selected images (compare with powerpoint handout)

3. Corticobulbar system Cortical motor systems:
Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Primarily bilateral control:
Jaw
Larynx, pharynx
Tongue
Upper facial muscles
Contralateral control:
Lower facial muscles

4. Cortical motor areas
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Descending cortical motor paths
Descending brain stem paths
Spinal cord:
Intermediate zone
Ventral horn
Muscle

5. Cortical motor areas
To muscle
Descending cortical motor paths
From motor
cortex

9. Bilateral control of upper facial muscles
Cingulate motor area
1° motor cortex
Upper facial muscles
Upper facial muscles
Upper facial muscles
Lower facial muscles
Bilateral control of upper facial muscles
2. Redundant control of upper facial muscles

10. Cortical motor areas-lateral view

11. Cortical motor areas-medial view

12. Animation

13. Animation

18. Animation

19. Animation