1. Performance Indicator
Performance Indicator 8.E.4A.2 Construct and analyze scientific arguments to support claims that the universe began with a period of extreme and rapid expansion using evidence from the composition of stars and gases and the motion of galaxies in the universe.

2. Balloon Demonstration…
1. Partially inflate a balloon. Twist the opening and hold it shut.
2. Draw and label four squares A,B,C, & D on the balloon. Measure the distance between the squares. Record the data.
3. Inflate the balloon to its fullest capacity. Repeat your measurements.

3. Balloon Demonstration…
What happened to the distances between the dots as you inflated the balloon?
Did some of the dots move farther apart than others? Why?
Suppose the balloon represents the universe. How does this activity show what is happening to the universe and to the galaxies in it?

4. Nobody alive was there to see this.
You are under no obligation to believe this theory. It is simply one possible explanation among many possible explanations for the origins of the universe.

5. Think of crime scene investigations!
Did the detectives see the explosion?
No! They have to figure it out from evidence!

6. That is what astronomers do!
They take evidence from space to figure out the science!

7. Edwin Hubble discovered
that the universe
is expanding.

8. Big Bang Theory Overview:  the universe began with a gigantic
explosion billion years ago
 nothing existed before this  NO
time, NO space
 out of nothingness came everything in
the universe and it started to expand

9. Where is Theory found?
 Authored and thought of by several scientists based on work of Hubble’s red shift

10. The Big Bang Theory

11. What is the Universe made out of?
4% Atoms: Atoms are the smallest subatomic particles. They are building blocks. If you want to create a language, you'll need an alphabet. If you want to build molecules, you will need atoms of different elements. Elements are made up of atoms.

12. 22% Dark Matter: Gravity alone isn’t enough to keep everything in its place. Scientists believe that DARK MATTER is a force that helps keep everything in the universe together. Dark matter must exist to account for the gravity that holds galaxies together. If the only matter in the universe was matter we could directly detect, galaxies would not have had enough matter to have ever formed. The galaxies we observe today would fly apart because they wouldn't have enough matter to create a strong enough gravitational force to hold themselves together.

13. 74% Dark Energy: Dark energy is a negative pressure that repels gravity. This is the only form of matter that can cause the expansion of the universe to accelerate or speed up. Dark energy, which also goes by the names of the cosmological constant or quintessence, must exist due to the rate of expansion we observe for our universe. Not only is the universe expanding, but this expansion is also accelerating.

14. The Big Bang Theory Break Down
The Universe originated billion years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy known as the z-particle.

15. Time begins The universe begins ~13.7 Billion years ago
The universe begins as the size of a single atom
The universe began as a violent expansion
All matter and space were created from a single point of pure energy in an instant

16. How Did the Big Bang Theory Come About?
1. A Z-particle existed which was a big ball of energy.
2. We don’t know what triggered the Z-particle but something triggered the Z-particle causing it to explode creating a big bang with everything coming out or appearing.

17. ~ 3 minutes after big bang
The universe has grown from the size of an atom to larger than the size a grapefruit

18. ~ Several hundred thousand years after Big Bang
Masses of Elements Formed. The elements that formed at the time were hydrogen (H) and helium (He). The large masses that formed where called nebulas. Nebulas are clouds of dust, hydrogen, helium, and other gases. Nebulas are clouds of dust and gas.

19. ~ Several hundred thousand years after Big Bang
ATOMS form (specifically Hydrogen and its isotopes with a small amount of Helium.)
The early Universe was about 75% Hydrogen and 25% Helium. It is still almost the same today.

20. ~200 to 400 million years after Big Bang
1st stars and galaxies form
The masses of elements (hydrogen and helium) started combing due to gravity creating stars and galaxies.

21. ~ 4.6 billion years ago
Our Solar system forms

22. The Universe Expanding
Next the Universe started expanding
Redshift: (Moving Away) Wavelengths are longer (they are expanding)
Blueshift: (Moving Closer) Wavelengths are shorter ( they are contracting)

23. Red shift is is a form of the Doppler Effect.
Sound shows Doppler effect too! Clip on this picture to experience the Doppler effect.
Click on the picture and have your sound on to here the Doppler effect!

24. red shift
What you just heard was the Doppler effect with sound. Red shift is the Doppler effect with light.
If you are connected to the server, click on the hyperlink for an explanation of red and blue shift.

26. Notice that the line groupings are the same – only shifted red.

28. As a balloon gets larger every point moves away from every other point.

29. If your galaxy was a raisin, notice that every raisin is moving away from every other raisin. In fact, a raisin far away from you is moving away faster than those that are closer. Our expanding universe acts the same way.

30. Misconceptions about the Big Bang
there was no explosion; there was (and continues to be) an expansion
Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding: small balloon expanding to the size of our current universe
we tend to image the z-particle as a little fireball appearing somewhere in space
space began inside of the singularity. Prior to the singularity, nothing existed, not space, time, matter, or energy - nothing.

31. Problems / Issues / Flaws with theory:
There was nothing, then there
was something. From where did it
come?
 All matter in the universe in a dime sized package
 Outcomes? Which will happen?

32. Big Bang evidence Universal expansion (redshift)
Cosmic background radiation
Quasars
Radioactive decay
Stellar formation and evolution
Speed of light and stellar distances

33. 1. Universal expansion and Hubble’s Law
Hubble observed the majority of galaxies are moving away from us and each other
The farther, the faster they move
Red Shift

34. 2. Back ground radiation
Noise radiation (static) is evenly spread across space
The amount of radiation matched predictions

35. 3. Quasars - super large (solar system size) galactic cores that put out more light than whole galaxies
Only found billion light years away
Found nowhere else
Nothing exists past them

36. 4. Radioactive decay
Radiometric dating – gives us the age of items from the decay of radioactive materials found within the object
Moon rocks have been dated and found to be older than Earth
Gives us an estimated time that Earth and the Moon formed

37. 5. Stellar formation and evolution
We observe the life cycles of stars across the universe using tools such as satellites and telescopes
we view stars form, burn and explode

38. 6. Speed of light and stellar distances
The speed of light is a universal constant of 300,000 km/s2
We observe stars millions/billions of light-years away
A light-year is the distance that light travels in 1 year – the light we see today from a star 500 light years away is 500 years old
The furthest stars away are billion light years away
We have telescopes that can see further, but there isn’t anything viewable

39. Problems / Issues / Flaws with theory:
There was nothing, then there
was something. From where did it
come?
 All matter in the universe in a dime sized package
 Outcomes? Which will happen?

40. The universe is composed of matter and energy.
All of the matter in the universe now was in the universe when it formed. There is evidence to support that scientists are able to estimate the age of the universe in two ways

41. By looking for the oldest stars
Nebula (gas and dust) exist in space and are remnants from the formation of the universe. o Stars undergo a life cycle based on the composition of the gases within them.
As stars age the amount of hydrogen in the star changes, therefore changing the color and brightness of the star.

42. by measuring the rate of expansion of the universe
o Astronomers determined the galaxy is expanding based on the color of light emitted from galaxies and stars.

43. REDSHIFT
As the universe expands and galaxies move apart, the wave-length of light emitted from those galaxies is stretched. This shifts the light toward the red end of the spectrum and is called “red- shift”. The more distance or faint a galaxy the more rapidly it is moving away from Earth.

44. BLUE SHIFT
As the universe contracts and galaxies move towards each other, the wave-length of light emitted from those galaxies is contracted or shorter. This shifts the light toward the blue end of the spectrum and is called “blue- shift”.

45. Redshift & Blueshift

47. What is the name of our galaxy?+

48. OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES AND SPACE ITEMS

49. Jupiter Crab Nebula

50. The Sombrero Galaxy - 28 million light years from Earth - was voted best picture taken by the Hubble telescope. It has 800 billion suns and is 50,000 light years across

51. The Ant Nebula, a cloud of dust and gas who resembles an ant when observed using ground-based telescopes. The nebula lies within our galaxy between 3,000 and 6,000 light years from Earth

52. This picture is called Eskimo because it looks like a face surrounded by a furry hood. The hood is, in fact, a ring of comet-shaped objects flying away from a dying star.

53. Cat's Eye Nebula

54. The Hourglass Nebula, 8,000 light years away, has a pinched-in-the-middle look because the winds that shape it are weaker at the center

55. Cone Nebula The part pictured here is 2
Cone Nebula The part pictured here is 2.5 light years in length (the equivalent of 23 million return trips to the Moon)

56. The Perfect Storm, a small region in the Swan Nebula, 5,500 light years away, described as 'a bubbly ocean of hydrogen and small amounts of oxygen, sulphur and other elements'

57. Starry Night, so named because it reminded astronomers of the Van Gogh painting. It is a halo of light around a star in the Milky Way

58. The glowering eyes from 114 million light years away are the swirling cores of two merging galaxies called NGC 2207 and IC 2163 in the distant Canis Major constellation

59. The Trifid Nebula. A 'stellar nursery', 9,000 light years from here, it is where new stars are being born

60. International Space Station