1. State of the art on anticoagulant rodenticides
CA-May13-Doc.10.2.a
State of the art on anticoagulant rodenticides
Berny Ph
Esther A.
Jacob J
Prescott C
17/05/13

2. Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides
2-Resistance to anticoagulants
EU perspective
Monitoring
3-Alternatives to rodenticides
4-Monitoring systems of use
5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning
6-Professional training
17/05/13

3. Introduction First AR : Warfarin late 40s’
First resistance : early 60s’
Expectation for rodenticide :
Delayed action (bait aversion, neophobia)
Palatable
Poorly persistent
Antidote
17/05/13

4. Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides
2-Resistance to anticoagulants
EU perspective
Monitoring
3-Alternatives to rodenticides
4-Monitoring systems of use
5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning
6-Professional training
17/05/13

5. 1-Research developments
Acute rodenticides
Alpha-chloralose
Effective against mice (limited infestations) IF palatable
« New » rodenticides
Zinc phosphide
Active against some field rodents
Bait shyness (rapid-acting)
Bromethalin
Active in all rodent spcies, including AR-resistant strains
Toxicity ! No antidote (see 5)
17/05/13

6. 1-Research developments
« New » rodenticides
Calciferol
New dossier, calcification of blood vessels. Slow-acting, effective in AR-resistant strains
Palatability ?
No antidote (toxic to carnivores) Secondary poisoning ???
Associated with small dose of AR ?
17/05/13

7. 1-Research developments
« New » rodenticides
Methaemoglobin-forming compounds
Under development in NZ
Rapid action (needs refinment for rodents)
Partial antidote
Potential candidate for >2015 ?
« new » AR
Patent on new AR active on rodents (including resistant strains) but not persistent (2011) for >2016 ?
17/05/13

8. 1-Research developments
Our present conclusions
Limited research/development in a foreseable future
AR still a very interesting option so far
Almost 100% reliance on 1 class of compounds is questionable
Research on formulations (micro-encapsulation)
17/05/13

9. Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides
2-Resistance to anticoagulants
EU perspective
Monitoring
3-Alternatives to rodenticides
4-Monitoring systems of use
5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning
6-Professional training
17/05/13

10. 2-Resistance EU perspective
Genetic basis : Vkorc1 gene, SNPs’ in all three rodent species
Cross-resistance for AR
Warfarin >chloro >broma>difen>Brodif=Difeth
Mice > Norway/black rats
Resistant rodents have +[AR] for prolonged period
Increased use of 2nd generation AR
Risk for secondary poisoning
17/05/13

11. 2-Resistance EU perspective Evidence of AR-resistant rodent
>30%AR-resistant rodent in surveys
+Homozygotes
17/05/13

12. 2-Resistance
Resistance monitoring
17/05/13

13. 2-Resistance Resistance monitoring Genotyping
OK for all 3 species
Covers MOST (but not all…) resistant strains
Needs more work to link mutations with resistance level
Include GIS mapping and clusters for pan-european view and further evaluation of new AI
17/05/13

14. Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides
2-Resistance to anticoagulants
EU perspective
Monitoring
3-Alternatives to rodenticides
4-Monitoring systems of use
5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning
6-Professional training
17/05/13

15. 3-Alternatives to rodenticides
Mechanical alternatives
Traps, ultra-sounds, vibration…
Limited, not 100% effective, small infestations
Repellents
Plant extracts : some effect. Limited, toxicity ?
Pheromon attractants : evidence of efficacy, but needs more work
Fertility control
Chemosterilant : on-going project in the US
Partially effective after several weeks of daily absorption
17/05/13

16. 3-Alternatives to rodenticides
Integrated rodent control
Rodent-proofing
Removal of shelter, food-sources
Management of resistance
Identification of resistant strain
Choice of rodenticide or other strategy
Alternate baits (non AR)
17/05/13

17. Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides
2-Resistance to anticoagulants
EU perspective
Monitoring
3-Alternatives to rodenticides
4-Monitoring systems of use
5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning
6-Professional training
17/05/13

18. 4-Monitoring systems of use
No clear picture at that point
Experience from France
Need more data !!!
17/05/13

19. Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides
2-Resistance to anticoagulants
EU perspective
Monitoring
3-Alternatives to rodenticides
4-Monitoring systems of use
5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning
6-Professional training
17/05/13

20. 5-Monitoring systems of non-target poisoning
Human exposure
Poison control centers in almost all EU+ countries
Long term data
Not a significant issue for AR
17/05/13
Data : AAPCC Total # of cases (left) ; ratio of AR vs total cases received (‰) (right)

21. 5-Monitoring systems of non-target poisoning
Animal exposure
Limited information published.
Wildlife ±,
Domestic species : almost nothing
Long term data for wildlife in some countries
High prevalence of residues of AR in many predators and scavengers BUT no link (yet) with biocidal use or plant protection product use
17/05/13

22. 5-Monitoring systems of non-target poisoning
Animal exposure
Confirmed cases with field uses
Evidence from US : very few outdoors uses BUT wildlife exposure
Need for more data, surveys on non-target species to monitor biocidal products
Need for correspondents in several MSs’
Fears about « other » rodenticides : bromethalin in the US
17/05/13

23. Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides
2-Resistance to anticoagulants
EU perspective
Monitoring
3-Alternatives to rodenticides
4-Monitoring systems of use
5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning
6-Professional training
17/05/13

24. 6-Training for professional users
Limited evidence
ESP, F, G, Malta
CEPA working on a common project at the EU level
Need for clear definition of « professional use »
17/05/13

25. AR necessary, few alternatives today
Conclusions
AR necessary, few alternatives today
Development needed to have other alternatives (including bait formulation)
Resistance management and integrated rodent control programs should be enforced
Non-target incidents to be monitored in pets and wildlife
Enhance professional training
17/05/13

26. Work on current Risk Mitigation Measures
Perspectives
Work on current Risk Mitigation Measures
Dataset 09/13
Interviews and survey on RMMs’
Comparison with other countries (non-EU)
Proposals for common RMMs’
Collaborative work for 2014
17/05/13