1. Do Now
List the most important “thing” you have learned so far in this class!
Write at least one question for Dr. Miller – He is a master biologist and can answer just about ANYTHING!

2. Dr. Miller
American cell biologist and molecular biologist who is currently Professor of Biology and Royce Family Professor for Teaching Excellence at Brown University.
Miller's primary research focus is the structure and function of cell membranes, especially chloroplast thylakoid membranes.
From Wikipedia

3. Objectives
Review fundamental concepts about cells by listing the most important ideas.
Complete a biology test to see how much you have learned so far by comparing to the baseline.
Prepare for midterm exam by setting up studying plans.

4. This Class (Analogy)

5. Do Now How will you study for the midterm?
What grade do you expect to earn? How will it affect your current grade in this class?

6. Objectives
Engage in a discussion with Dr. Miller and expand on learned biological concepts by connecting ideas and asking questions.
Summarize the main components of Dr. Miller’s presentation.

7. The Cell
Review

8. Cells Marks the boundary between the “living and the dead”
Structural and functional unit of an organism
Smallest structure capable of performing all of the functions necessary for life

9. What is a cell? Why do we care? We have TRILLIONS of them!! (@65)
Every organism is composed of one or more cells
Basic unit of structure and
function in organisms
All come from pre-existing cells
Cell Theory

10. All cells……. Have an outer plasma membrane Contain DNA
Enclosed within the cell somewhere
Contain cytoplasm

11. Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm
All cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
material inside a cell is the cytoplasm
Everything between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA
Gives cells their shape
Assist in movement of cell and organelles

12. Microscopes Compound light microscope
Multiple lenses increase magnifying power

13. Two basic kinds of cells
Prokaryotic
Nothing separates the DNA from internal cell parts
Eukaryotic
Contain organelle sacs
Nucleus – contains the DNA

15. Eukaryotic Cells

16. Examples of Eukaryotic Cells:
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Protozoa

17. Cell Walls Plant cells Permeable Protective
In addition to a plasma membrane

18. Organelles Organelles act as their own separate “organs”
They physically isolate chemical reactions inside cells
Animals and plants will differ in their organelles

21. Nucleus Encloses the DNA of a eukaryotic cell Contains chromosomes
Functions:
Prevents DNA from getting entangled with structures in the cytoplasm
Outer membranes act as a boundary

22. Components of the nucleus
Nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
DNA
Chromosomes
Chromatin

23. Nuclear envelope
Double-membrane system composed of lipid bilayer (with pores)
Bilayers surround the fluid part of nucleus (nucleoplasm)
Continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

24. Nucleolus
Dense mass located within the nucleus
Produces ribosomes

25. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Why is this important from a health aspect?

26. Endomembrane System Helps modify proteins into final form
Lipids are assembled
Compartmentalizes the cell
Main components:
1. Nuclear envelope
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
3. Golgi body
4. Various vesicles (transport)

27. 1. Nuclear envelope Merges with the membrane of the ER
Consists of membranous channels and saccules

28. 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Channel that snakes through the cytoplasm
Lipids assembled and polypeptide chains modified into final proteins
Can be rough or smooth
Dependant on the attachments of ribosomes
Rough ER
Processing and modification of proteins
Smooth ER
Synthesizes phospholipids

29. 3. Golgi Body (Apparatus)
Series of flattened sacs
Collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids
Contain enzymes that put the finishing touches on proteins and lipids

30. 4. Vesicles
Enzymes from golgi apparatus sort and package the molecules into vesicles
Tiny sac that moves through cytoplasm
Function in transport, storage, or digestion of substances
Two main types:
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

31. Lysosome A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac
contains digestive enzymes to break down:
Macromolecules
damaged organelles

32. Put it all together……

33. Energy-Related Organelles
organelles specialize in converting energy to a form that can be used by the cell
Requires solar energy
Dissipates as heat
Chloroplasts
Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates
Carbohydrates then broken down in the…..
Mitochondria
Produce ATP molecules

34. Energy-Related Organelles
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
The chemical energy of carbohydrates is converted at ATP

35. Cytoskeleton: Cilia and Flagella - Movement
Hairlike projections
Help in the movement of cells
Some examples….
Why would we need them?

37. Vacuoles Membranous sacs contractile vacuoles of protists
central vacuoles of plants

38. Prokaryotes
Archae
Bacteria

39. Prokaryotic Cells Cell Wall Capsule Flagellum Plasma membrane Nucleoid
Plasmids
Ribosomes