1. Darwin’s Problems He lacked the knowledge of hereditary or
How the passing of genes worked

2. Process of speciation
natural selection, change in environment can change the frequency of alleles in a population
this is how a new species is created
SPECIATION

3. Populations
Those individuals have genes and therefore are a collection of genetic material
they are a collection of a species in a community
GENE POOL

4. Gene Pool has genetic variation
Mutation:
When the DNA changes, usually due to a random mistake while replicating
Recombination of gametes:
When the genes in gametes mix and match these pieces
(CROSSING OVER)

5. Genetic Recombination
Its at random
only during Meiosis
Sexual reproduction allows for more genetic variation

6. Mutation Doesn’t always at first alter phenotypes
the DNA code becomes different

7. Frequency of genes/traits
always equals 100%
Represented by a bar graph
single gene trait -->

8. Polygenetic Trait
Most traits
Always a
Represented by a bell curve

9. Evolution and genetic change
Natural selection on genetic traits can lead to changes in allele frequency and thus to evolution

10. Natural Selection and Traits
Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes
Fitness can put a individual on either end of the curve,
When fitness varies natural selection acts

11. Natural Selection in nature
1. More organisms are born than can survive.
2. Organisms vary in their characteristics, even within a species.
3. Variation is inherited
4. Differences in reproduction and survival are due to variation among organisms.

12. Genetic Drift Random change in allele frequency.
Individuals leave more descendants with their alleles by chance, over time it may survive and cause allele to become more common

13. Think Iceland Founder effect:
is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
Norse, irish, english peoples living on a small island mating with no immigration.
So now they're mostly all white blond, and a group of Giants