2. Hydraulic Head Diagram
PHTOP
THTOP
GHTOP
PHBOTTOM
THBOTTOM
GHBOTTOM
Reference Level
THTOP=GHTOP+PHTOP
THBOTTOM=GHBOTTOM+PHBOTTOM
THTOP >THBOTTOM so water moves downward

3. THLEFT=GHLEFT+PHLEFT THRIGHT=GHRIGHT+PHRIGHT
Reference Level
THLEFT=GHLEFT+PHLEFT
THRIGHT=GHRIGHT+PHRIGHT
THRIGHT >THLEFT so water moves from right to left

4. Piezometers are used to measure hydraulic head.

5. Piezometers

6. PHA A
Tensiometers
GHA
THA B
PHB
GHB
THB
Reference Level

7. 30 cm A
120 cm
40 cm B
90 cm
20 cm
50 cm
30 cm
Reference Level
THA = GHA + PHA
THA = 90 cm + 30 cm
THA = 120 cm
THB = GHB + PHB
THB = 50 cm - 20 cm
THB = 30 cm

8. PH PH TH TH GH GH
Reference Level
Reference Level
Reference Level
Reference Level

9. PH TH PH PH TH TH PH TH GH GH GH
Reference Level
GH=0
Reference Level
Reference Level
Reference Level

10. PH TH PH PH TH TH PH TH GH GH GH
Reference Level
GH=0
Reference Level TH
Reference Level TH GH GH PH PH
Reference Level

11. PH TH PH PH TH TH PH TH GH GH GH
Reference Level
GH=0
Reference Level TH
Reference Level PH TH GH TH GH PH GH TH PH PH
GH=0
Reference Level

12. Reference Level

13. 60 PH=10 cm PH cm TH PH=15 cm GH= GH TH = Reference Level

14. 60 Reference Level cm PH=15 cm GH=0 cm TH =15 cm PH=10 cm GH=60 cm

15. 60 Reference Level cm PH=15 cm GH=0 cm TH =15 cm PH=10 cm GH=60 cm

16. Reference
Level
100 cm
PH=0 cm
GH=
TH =

17. 100 cm 100 cm Reference Level PH=0 cm GH=0 cm TH =0 cm GH=100 cm

18. 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm Reference Level PH=0 cm GH=0 cm TH =0 cm

19. 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm Reference Level PH=0 cm GH=0 cm TH =0 cm