1. Classification Organizing Life! Objectives:
Classify organisms based on structural similarities.
Develop a logical argument for the relatedness of some animals based on behavior or appearance.

2. All living things are classified into groups
Scientists divide animals into groups based on their SIMILARITIES
The science of classifying
organisms according to their
similarities is called taxonomy

3. Scientific Names
Binomial Nomenclature – a system that gives each species a two-part name using Latin words
An organism’s Scientific name is a name given to each species, consisting of its genus and species levels
Example: The scientific name of humans is “Homo Sapien”

4. Article about Classifying Humans by Race
“U.S. Census Labeling is Being Questioned”
Please annotate your article
(at least 5 annotations required…see your annotation scoring guide and active reader user’s guide to assist you in annotating)

5. Evolutionary Relationships Between Organisms
Phylogeny – the evolutionary history for a group of species
Cladistics – classification based on common ancestry. This is the most common method used to make evolutionary trees

6. Evolutionary Relationships Between Organisms
Phylogenic Tree – an evolutionary tree
Phylogenic Tree Parts:
Derived Characters – trait that differs in structure or function from that found in the ancestral line for a group of species
Nodes: Each place where a branch splits
Clades: the names of the individual groups of animals being compared

7. Interpreting a Phylogenic Tree
Clades
Nodes
Derived Characters

8. Phylogenic Tree Practice
Complete the Phylogenic Tree Practice and Analysis worksheets!

9. Molecular Evidence Relating Species
DNA sequence can support or refute hypothesized evolutionary trees

10. Vertebrates versus Invertebrates
Vertebrates are animals with
backbones, skeletons, and a skull
Invertebrates are animals
that do NOT have backbones

11. Vertebrates
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

12. Invertebrates Sponges – two layers of cells, no tissues or organs
Cnidarians - (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydras) These all have radial symmetry (resembles spokes on a wheel)
Flatworms – flat and thin with bilateral symmetry (both halves are the same)
Roundworms – long, round bodies that come to a point at the end with bilateral symmetry

13. Invertebrates (continued)
5. Segmented worms – have a body that is divided into many sections or segments
6. Mollusks – snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, squids, octopi
7. Anthropods – crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, and insects
8. Echinoderms - Sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

14. Questions from Chapter 3 of book

15. The Classification of Living Things
Carolus Linnaeus developed a system to classify living things
Kingdom - the broadest category
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species - the narrowest (lowest) category

16. Everything is related The theory is that all life on Earth began with bacteria and life slowly branched off and turned into all life forms that now exist on Earth

17. What Did T-Rex Taste Like?
Visit the website:
RESEARCH…
Pick an animal that you have never eaten. Research and construct a cladogram to illustrate which animal that you HAVE eaten that they would taste most like, according to their ancestry.

18. The 5 Kingdoms All living things are divided into one of the Kingdoms:
Plants
Animals
Protist
Fungi
Monera

19. Plants Make their own food using sunlight & other substances
around them
They do not move around
Multicellular

20. Animals Move around Multicellular HOW THEY GET FOOD:
Animals ingest their
food by…
--Filter feeding
--Feeding on fluids
--Consuming large pieces
of food

21. Protist Microorganisms Many have only one cell.
Can move using cilia, flagellum, or pseudopods
HOW THEY GET FOOD:
--Some use their cilia to sweep food over their
surface and into their gullet.
--Some trap food with their pseudopods.
--Some make their own food (as with algae through
photosynthesis)

22. Fungi Decomposes material from its food Multicellular
Includes mushrooms and molds
HOW THEY GET FOOD
-- They break down waste &
dead matter by releasing
digestive enzymes onto their
food so that they can then
absorb it

23. Monera
Single-celled organisms that are bacteria and do not have organelles in their cells
Kingdom Monera is actually broken into two kingdoms!... Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria (they are genetically different)
HOW THEY GET FOOD
--Some break down dead organisms or waste
--Some use sunlight to make food
--Some get energy from minerals
Bacteria have more different ways of getting energy than any other kind of organism

24. Classification Interactives
Explore your “inner animal” to find how you are related to other animals on earth! Complete the Classification webquest using the following website See handout!!!