1. MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

2. SOLUTION:
“A solution is a liquid-preparation that contains one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in a specified solvent.”
Advantages
Immediately available for absorption
Useful for hygroscopic drugs which must be administered as a solution
Disadvantages
Less stable Incompatibility is faster
Bacterial contamination

3. Solvents used A. Aqueous liquids: Water B. Oils &oily materials:
Purified Water
Water for injection
Sterile water for injection
Bacteriostatic water for injection
B. Oils &oily materials:
Animals source…pig fat
Vegetable Source…corn,cotton
Mineral Source…liquid paraffin
Synthetics….ethyl oleate
C. Hydroxylated Compounds:
Ethanol
Propylene Glycol
D. Hydro-alcoholic Mixtures
E. Modern Vehicles:
Dioxalanes Solvent for aerosol sprays
Dimethylecetamide

4. -Vehicle for the internal Use
1. Purified Water
2.Aromatic Water
a. Chloroform Water
b. Peppermint Water
c. Cinnamon Water
d. Dill Water
- vehicles for external use Isopropyl myristate Liquid Paraffin
-vehicles for extraction Isopropyl Alcohol Acetone

5. Formulation Consideration
1) Solubility  a) pH  b) Cosolvency  c) Solubilization  d) Complexation  e) Hydrotrophy  f) Chemical modification of the drug molecule  2) Preservation  a) Preservatives  b) Antioxidants  c) Reducing agents  d) Synergists  3) Organoleptic consideration  a) Sweetening agents  b) Flavoring agents  c) Coloring agents  d) Viscosity control  e) Overall appearance  4) Stability  a) Chemical stability  b) Physical stability 

6. 1.SOLUBILITY 
Expression of solubility  According to Indian Pharmacopoeia  Descriptive Phrase Approximate quantities(ml) of solvent by volume for 1 part (1 gm) of solute by weight  Very soluble less than 1 part  Freely soluble from 1 to 10 parts  Soluble from 10 to 30 parts  Sparingly soluble from 30 to 100 parts  Slightly soluble from 100 to 1000 parts  Very slightly soluble from 1000 to 10,000 parts  Practically insoluble more than 10,000 parts 

7. a. pH A large number of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases
a. pH  A large number of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases. The solubility of these agents can be markedly influenced by the pH of the environment
Weak Acid  pH = pKa + log (ionised ) /(un ionised)  pH = pKa + log (base) / (acid)  Weak Base  pH=pKa +log (unionised) / (ionised)  pH = pKa+ log( base )/(acid)
b. COSOLVENCY
 Weak electrolytes and nonpolar molecules frequently have poor water solubility. These types of solutes are more soluble in a mixture of solvents than in one solvent alone. This phenomenon is known as cosolvency.

8. c. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT  One property of a solvent system is its dielectric constant. The dielectric constant of a solvent can be defined as the ratio of the capacitances of a capacitor filled with the solvent and air respectively. 
d. SOLUBILIZATION  spontaneous increase of solubility of a poorly water-soluble solute molecules into an aqueous solution of surface active agents (or surfactants) in which a thermodynamically stable solution is formed. 

9. e. COMPLEXATION  Solubility of a compound may be increased by complexing with a complexing agent. e.g. solubility of para amino benzoic acid (PABA) may be increased by complexing with caffeine
f. HYDROTROPHY  The term hydrotrophy has been used to designate the increase in solubility in water of various substances due to the presence of large amounts of additives. 
g. CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF DRUG
Poorly soluble drugs are chemically modified into water soluble derivatives.

10. 2.PRESERVATION a.Preservatives
Some pharmaceutically useful preservative  Class Preservative Usual concentration (%)  -Acidic  Phenol   Chlorocresol  
 -Neutral  Chlorbutanol   Benzyl alcohol
  -Mercurial  Thiomersal   Nitromersol   -Quarternary ammonium compounds  Benzalkonium chloride   Cetylpyridinium  

11. b. Antioxidants
An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
c. Reducing agent
A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is the element or compound in a reduction-oxidation reaction that donates an electron to another species however, since the reducer loses an electron we say it is "oxidized". This means that there must be an "oxidizer"; because if any chemical is an electron donor (reducer), another must be an electron recipient (oxidant).

12. 3.ORGANOLEPTIC ADDITIVES a. Colouring Agents
Colouring Agents generally used in case of cosmetic preparations.
The second reasons is to distinguish one product from the products. A third reason is to distinguish the preparation being administered
Classification-
1.natural colouring agents-plant
-animal
-minerals
2.syntetic coal tar

13. 1. Natural Colouring Agents:
Plants:
Many plants contain colouring agents which may be extracted. and used as colorant.
Some Examples are:
a. Chlorophyll-green
b. Annatto seeds-yellow to orange

14. Animal: - Cochineal: It is an alkaline solution of the soluble Colouring principles caraminic acid of cochineal insects preserved by the addition of. It is very dark purplish red liquid. Minerals: -Mineral colours are termed pigments. -They are used to colour lotions, cosmetics and other preparation for external application. -As they are toxic, their use for internal preparation is forbidden. Ex: Red ferric oxide Yellow Ferric Dioxide

15. 2. Synthetic colouring agents
The synthetic colours are coal tar dyes, because many of them are produced from substance obtained from coal-tar.
The certified colours are classified into three groups:
Group I- F.D. and C. Colours used in foods, drugs and cosmetics.
Groups II- The D. and C. Colour used in drug and Cosmetics.
Group III- The External D. and C. Colour.

16. b. Flavouring agents
The use of flavour is actually a composite sensation of taste, touch, smell, sound and heat.
There are simply four types of tastes
- Sweet
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter .
Similarly there are seven basic odours like
- Ethereal , camphoraceous ,Musky, Floral ,Pepperminty ,Pungent ,Putrid

17. Classification of flavouring agents
Two Types:
1. Natural and
2. Synthetic
1. Natural
a. Fruits (Sweet, Sur and Astringent)
Citrus Fruits (Orange, Lemon)
b . Seeds (Vanilla, Anise, Nutmeg)
2.synthetics
Benzaldehyde Bitter Almond, Cherry pits Decyl Aldehyde Citrus Flavours (Orange) Cinnamic aldehyde - Cinnamon type

18. c. Sweetening agents Sucrose Sorbitol (Half Sweet than Sucrose)
Glycerin
Honey
Saccharin Sodium ( times)
Cyclametaes (30 times sweeter than sucrose)
Aspartame

19. d.Viscosity control Used to increase palatability and pourability
Examples of viscosity controlling agents are
-PVP
-cellulose derivatives
e.General apperance
depends on colour and clarity

20. 4.STABILITY a. Chemical stability
Ex- effect of amino acids on stability of aspirin in propylene glycol solutions.
b. Physical stability
Oral liquids are stable if it retains viscosity,colour,taste and odour throughout its shelf life

21. liquid dosage forms
Monophasic (homogeneous solutions in which solute and solvent cannot be differentiated)
Biphasic
Emulsions
suspensions
External
Internal
Draughts
Drops
Linctus
Syrups
Elixirs
mixtures
Liquids for oral cavities
Liquids appiled on body cavities
Liquids appilied on skin
Douches
Enemas
Ear drops
Nasal drops
Inhalants and eye drops
Gargles
Mouthwashes
Throat paints
Glycerites
Throat spray
Liniments
Lotions
collidions

22. ORAL MONOPHASIC DOSAGE FORM
Draughts
Drops
Linctuses
Syrups
Elixirs
Mixtures

23. A. Draughts
It is simple solution (mixture) which contains a single dose.
Each dose is sent in separate bottle.Total volume is 50 ml.
It is essential to be labelled with storage conditions on draughts.
It is given very early expiry date (48 hours).
Examples:
1.Ipecacuanha emetic draughts-BPC (Treatment of poison)
2. Paraldehyde draughts- Oxidized to
acetic acid and cause death
Do not use, if the solution is discolored.

24. B. Drops: . It is not meant for higher dose.
. For vitamins and antibiotics formulation for pediatric purpose.
. It is not meant for higher dose.
. Drops are dispensed in a bottle with dropper.
. It contains potent drugs, so dose is measured precisely.

25. C. Linctuses
Viscous liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough.
Consists of simple solution of active agent in high conc of sucrose.
Vehicle is always a syrup and sometimes contains glycerin, because of sweetening taste and soothing effect on mucous membrane.
Should be taken as such without dilution and sipped slowly to prolong action of drug
EXAMPLE OF LINCTUSES: -
Codeine Linctuses
Diamorphine Lictus
Compound Tolu Linctus

26. FORMULATION OF LINCTUSES
1. Vehicle Additives
1. Vehicles:
a. Syrup
b. Tolu Syrup
It also provides aromatic odour and flavour, it has also mild expectorant action.
Due to high content (68%) of sucrose, solution tends to crystallise, so stored at constant temperature.
Due to high solid and low water content, dissolution of medicament is slow. Sometime glycerol is used as Auxiliary Vehicle.

27. 2. Additives A. Chemical Stabilizers :
Linctuses are self stabilized due to syrup, so no need of any other stabilizer.
B. Colouring Agent:
Coal-tar dyes
Ex: Compound Tartrazine solution
C. Flavouring Agent:
Syrup itself act as masking agent. Some fruit flavours used are;
Lemon and Black current
D. Preservatives: Syrup has preservative action due to high osmotic pressure.
Tolu syrup contain Benzoic acid and cinnamic acid.Some other preservatives are -Chloroform spirit -Benzoic acid spirit solution

28. D . SYRUPS:
“It is concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose mixed with solution of medicaments and others additives.”
Generally syrup is prepared by sucrose but is partly replaced by dextrose or other polyhydric alcohols to reduce crystallisation of sucrose or to increase solubility of medicaments and other additives.
Consists of 85% sugars
2 types of syrups
Non medicated syrup
Medicated syrup

29. FORMULATION OF SYRUP Sugar-85% Anti microbial preservatives(0.1-0.2%)
benzoic acid ,sodium benzoate
Flavorant
colorant
Example Active drug – 5ml
Other drug solids -3ml
Glycerin ml
Sucrose g
Ethanol %qs
Purified water ml

30. Function of Syrups Sweetening agent Good antioxidant Preservatives
Demulcents and
soothing agent
EXAMPLES OF SYRUPS:
Codeine phosphate syrup
Squill syrup

31. Syrups are used for formulating
  Antibiotics
Antitussives
Antihistamines
Vitamins
Analgesic/antipyretic
PREPARATION OF SYRUP –
1.Solution with heat: For non-volatile, thermostable drugs
2.Agitation without heat: For volatile, thermolabile drugs
3.Addition of medicating liquid to syrup: For liquid medicaments such as extracts, tinctures
4.Percolation:

32. E. ELIXIRS 2 types of elixirs medicated elixir non medicated elixir
Elixirs are clear, pleasantly-flavoures, sweetened Hydroalcoholic liquid intended for oral use.
2 types of elixirs
medicated elixir
non medicated elixir

33. ADDITIVES Sequestering agents- like EDTA 2.Colouring Agents: Amaranth
1.Chemical Stabilizers: pH Adjustment
Sequestering agents- like EDTA
2.Colouring Agents: Amaranth
Compound Tartrazine
3.Flavouring Agents: Lemon spirit ,Compound orange spirit
4.Sweetening Agents: Invert Syrup, Sodium Sachharin
5. preservatives: 20% Alcohol as vehicle
Propylene glycol

34. Formulation of phenobarbital elixir
phenobarbital g
orange oil ml
propylene glycol ml
alcohol ml
sorbitol solution ml
colour qs
purified water ml
EXAMPLES-
Chloral Elixir
pediatric Paracetamol Elixir
Ephedrine Elixir
Phenobarbitone Elixir

35. F.MIXTURES
“Mixtures are a liquid preparations, intended for oral administration, in which drug is dissolved, suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle.”
Classification:
Simple Mixture
Indiffusible Mixture
Diffusible Mixture
Precipitates forming liquids Mixture
containing slightly soluble liquids
Miscellaneous

36. Formulation:
Vehicles: Camphor water
Caraway water
2. Medicament
3. Preservatives: Chloroform water-0.25%
Benzoic acid-0.1%
4. Colours and Flavours:
Aromatic water Syrups
lemon syrup orange syrup
5. Container: - Plain glass or plastic bottle
6. Thickening Agent: (For indiffusible Mixtures)
a. Poly Saccharides
Natural - Acacia
Starch
Semisynthetic - Methyl Cellulose
Hydroxy ethylcellulose
b. Inorganic Agents:
Clays - Bentonite
Syntheitc - Carbomer

37. Preparation of Suspending Agent:
Compound powder of Tragacanth (C.P.T.)
Formula: Acacia %
Tragacanth - 15%
Starch %
Sucrose %
It is used as such 2 gm per 100 ml. The compound of tragacanth is always used when the vehicle is other than water or chloroform water.
B. Mucilage of Tragacanth (M.T.)
Formula: Tragacanth finely powdered gm
Alcohol (90%) ml
Chloroform Water Q.S ml
It is used as mucilage-1/4 th of the mixture. The mucilage of tragacanth is used when vehicle is water or chloroform.

38. Liquids for Special Use (Oral Cavity)
Gargles
Mouth-washes
Throat paints
Glycerites
Throat Spray

39. A. Gargles:
-Gargles are aqueous clear solutions intended to be used in the mouth and throat.. Gargles are pleasantly flavoured and pH appear to be safe.
-Some therapeutic agents used in gargles are antibiotics, antiseptics , local anesthetics,Analgesic, Deodorants and Astringents.
Examples:
Phenol gargles
Potassium chlorate and phenol gargles
Thymol glycerin compound

40. B. Mouth Washes
- Mouth washes are aqueous solution used to cleanse and deodorise the buccal cavity.
- used for its deodorants, refreshing or antiseptic property. Mouth washes generally contain antibiotic agents or astringent ,alcohol, glycerin, sweeteners and surfactants, flavouring and coloring agents.
Examples: -
Alkaline phenol mouth wash
Hydrogen peroxide mouth wash
Buffer sodium perborate mouth wash
Compound sod. Chloride mouth wash

41. C. Throat Paints
Throat paints are liquid preparations applied to mucous surfaces.
They may be aqueous or alcoholic solution more viscous due to high content of glycerin and prolong the action of medicaments.
Throat paints are used for the mouth and throat infection.
contains – antiseptic, astringent and analgesic. CONTAINERS: Dispensed in wide
mouth bottle with brush.
EXAMPLES:
Compound iodine paints
Crystal violet paint

42. D. Glycerites
These are viscous hygroscopic liquids or semisolids preparations which contain not less than 50% by weight of glycerin and dissolved medicaments.
Glycerites have sweet taste and does not become rancid. They also act as preservatives.
Glycerites are hygroscopic and should be preserved in air tight container.
EXAMPLES:
Borax glycerin - Used as bacteriostatic
Phenol glycerin - Mouth ulcer
Tannic acid glycerin - in ulcer

43. E. Throat Spray
Spray solutions are aqueous alcoholic or glycerin solution intended for throat or nose by means of atomizer or nebulizer.
The spray device should produce coarse droplets for upper respiratory tract, while fine droplets for lungs (produced by nebulizer).
Spray solution contain antibiotics, antihistaminic, vasoconstrictors, alcohol and suitable solubilizing and wetting agents. Spray solution contain chlorbutol as an antibacterial and antifungal agent.
EXAMPLES:
Adrenaline and
Atropine spray compound-BPC.

44. LIQUIDS FOR SPECIAL USE (OTHER THAN ORAL CAVITY):
DOUCHES
ENEMAS
EAR-DROPS
NASAL DROPS
INHALANTS/SPRAY/AEROSOLS
Eye drops

45. A. Douches
Douches is medicated aqueous solution for rinsing body cavity applied at lower pressure like
Eye douches
Pharyngeal douches
Nasal douches
Vaginal douches
Bladder douches
Rectum douches
Generally three cavities are widely used ;
For vaginal purpose termed as Douches
For bladder purpose termed as Irrigation
For rectum purpose termed as Enemas.

46. -Douches are restricted to vaginal solution have cleansing or antiseptic action. -Promote healing or as an astringent. -Vaginal douches must be sterile if used after child birth or surgery Bladder irrigation must always be sterile as bladder is a sterile organ. Vaginal douches are introduced by means of a suitable rubber syringe. have pH 5.5 -Douches dispensed as concentrated forms and directions for dilution with warm water.

47. Category Ingredients 1. Cleansing Isotonic sodium chloride solution Boric acid (2%) Sodabicarb (1-2%) Saponated cresol ( %) 2. Antiseptic Chlorhexidine (0.02%) Chlorxylenol (5-10%) Lactic acid (0.5-2%) Mercuric chloride (0.001%) KMnO 4 ( %) 3. Astringent Alum (1%) Tannic acid Zinc sulphate

48. B. ENEMAS
“Enemas are aqueous or oily solution or suspension or oil in water emulsion introduced into rectum or colon for cleansing , therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
Types of Enemas:
1.Cleansing enemas
2.Therapeutic enemas.
3.Diagnostic enemas
4. Disposable Enemas

49. 1.CLEANSING ENEMAS: Cleansing enemas used to evacuate feaces in constipation or before an operation. Two types: A. By stimulating of peristalsis i . Large volume: Plain water Soft soap Turpentine enemas   ii. Small volume (Osmotic retention) Sodium phosphate enema Magnesium sulphate enema Sorbitol Sodium chloride Sodabicarb B. By lubricating impacted feaces: Olive oil enemas Araches oil Enemas Glycerin enemas

50. 2. THERAPEUTICS ENEMAS: Category Ingredient a
2.THERAPEUTICS ENEMAS: Category Ingredient a. Sedative Chloral hydrate Paraldehyde b.Anthelmintics Quassia c. anti-inflammatory Corticosteroids d. nutrients 3.Diagnostic enemas: It is used for X- Ray Examination of lower bowel. Ex: Barium sulphate enemas.

51. 4. Disposable Enemas Enemas available in disposable plastic bags
4.Disposable Enemas Enemas available in disposable plastic bags. They include evacuant enemas like magnesium sulphate retention enemas of prednisolone . CONTAINERS: Single use plastic pack with rectal nozzle LABEL: To be warmed to body temperature before use

52. C. Ear Drops: Ear drops are solutions or suspension of drugs that are used into the ear. VEHICLES: - Water ,Propylene glycol,glycerin , PEG-4000 ,Dil. Alcohol ,Haxylene glycol uses category 1. For mild infection Antibiotics, anti bacterial 2. For softening wax Hydrogen peroxide, sodabicarb 3. For cleansing Spirit 4. Drying weeping surface Astringent, ammonium acetate 5. antiseptic- anaesthesic phenol

53. CONTAINERS: Coloured fluted glass bottle with dropper LABELLED: - not to be taken orally Store in a cool place Not to be diluted List of official ear drops: Chloramphenicol ear drops Hydrocortisone Hydrogen peroxide E.D Phenol E.D Sodium Bicarbonate E.D.

54. D.NASAL DROPS
“Nasal drops are liquid preparation and may be aqueous or oily for instillation into nostrils.”
The following category can be formulated for nasal drops: - sympathomimetics vasoconstrictor (ephedrine)
Anti niflammatory corticosteroids
Anti bacterial
Anti histamine
Local anaesthetics

55. Nasal Vehicles: they should possess following properties: - pH range of Have mild buffer capacity Tonicity equivalent to normal saline. - The viscosity should not exceed the normal viscosity of nasal mucus Contain antimicrobial agents Containers : Fluted color glass bottle with plastic screw cap and dropper. Label: -FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY - STORE IN A COOL PLACE

56. E. Nasal inhalation
Inhalation are solution or suspension of volatile aromatic medicaments in alcohol, or an alcoholic preparation. And the vapour of which is inhaled to lower respiratory tract.
If the ingredient is volatile at room temperature, it may be placed on an absorbent pad and inhaled.
If not, poured on hot surface of water (65 C) and vapour is inhaled.
Inhalation which requires hot water consists alcoholic solution mixture of medicaments with water and light magnesium carbonate.
Containers: White fluted bottle

57. Label: SHAKE BOTTLE BEFORE USE Examples: Benzoin inhalation Menthol and benzoin inhalation Menthol and eucalyptus inhalation Epinephrine inhalation.

58. Nasal Sprays
Spray solutions are aqueous alcoholic or glycerin solutions in the form of coarse droplets of finely divided solids intended to be applied to the nose or throat by means of atomizer.
The type of atomizer used depends upon the viscosity of the spray solution.
Oily solutions were formerly used, but are no longer used as they retard ciliary action and enter in
trachea and cause lipoidal pneumonia.
Examples:
Anti inflammatory (corticosteroids)
Antihistaminics Sympathomimetics
Local anaesthetics -- Antimigraine

59. F. EYE DROPS
Sterile, aqueous/oily solutions or suspensions intended for instillation in eye sac.
Eye drops may contain buffers, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, solubilizing agents, anti-oxidants & agents required for tonicity/ viscosity adjustment.
Single dose container should not contain anti-microbial preservative.
In case of multi dose container a dropper should be supplied with it for administration.
Maximum size of such containers is 10 ml.

60. LIQUIDS FOR EXTERNAL USE
LINIMENTS
LOTIONS
COLLODIONS

61. A. LINIMENTS
“Liniments are fluid, semi-fluid or occasionally semisolid preparations intended for external application.”
They may be alcoholic or oily solution or emulsion.
Liniments containing substances have following properties.
Analgesic
Rubefacient
Counter Irritants
Soothing
Stimulating

62. In case of monophasic (solution) liniments two types of solvents are used. 1. Alcohol - Soap liniment Aconite liniments. 2. Oil Camphor Liniments Methyl Liniments - Arachis and cotton seed oil is used. It is less irritant than alcohol. It is spread more easily. -Liniments may be applied with or without friction. It may be painted or applied on skin by brush. - Liniments should not be applied on broken skin. - Liniments contains volatile ingredients so cold storage is necessary and kept away from flame

63. PREPARATION: It can be prepared as solution or emulsion as the case may be. CONTAINER: Coloured fluted bottle. LABEL: FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY NOT FOR BROKEN SKIN STORE IN COOL PLACE INFLAMMABLE

64. B. LOTIONS
“Lotion are liquid preparations intended for external application or for special use.It may be aqueous or alcoholic solution or suspension referred as SHAKE LOTION.
In aqueous or alcoholic solution, the main ingredients are salts.
Alcohol causes defatting, countered by addition of castor oil.
Sometimes salt dissolved in water- aqueous solution, termed as EYE-LOTION, meant for eyes.

65. -On application of shake lotion on skin, the water evaporates, leaving residue of medicaments on skin. - The evaporation causes cooling effect. -Lotions are applied to inflammed area. -The use of alcohol hasten (faster) drying and enhance cooling. - The use of glycerin keeps skin moist and promote adherence of residue powder on skin. - The suspending agent like Na C.M.C. may be used to assist dispersion. -Lotion liable to microbial growth, so includes proper preservatives. Lotion used for local cooling, soothing, protective, drying or moisturizing properties.

66. Lotion includes- antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti- infective, anti pyretic and local anesthetic agents. EXAMPLES: Lead lotion - lead subacetate in water Salicylic lotion - salicylic acid in alcohol CONTAINER: Fluted bottle, closed with plastic screw cap. LABEL: FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY DILUTED LOTION NOT TO BE USED LATED THAN ONE MONTH AFTER ISSUE.

67. C. COLLODION Collodions are fluid- prepared for external use.
They are applied by brush, rod or applicator.
The base is pyroxillin (Nitro Cellulose) in a volatile solvents.
The volatile vehicle evaporates leaving a flexible, protective film covering the site.
The volatile vehicles are ether, alcohol and acetone.
Flexibility to film given by castor oil.
Pyrocillin is highly inflammable so it is kept moist with industrial menthylated spirit, stored loosely packed, protect from light in a cool place.

68. EXAMPLES: Flexible Collodion –USP/BP Salicylic acid collodion -BPC LABEL: FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY STORE IN A COOL PLACE HIGHLY INFLAMMABLE KEEP AWAY FROM NAKED FLAMES.

69. MANUFACTURING CONSIDERATION
-Raw materials 
-equipments 
-Cleaning of equipments 
-Material of construction 
-compounding proceduce 

70. RAW MATERIALS   1. Incoming raw materials should be tested against some specifications regarding identity, purity, uniformity and freedom from excessive microbial contamination.   2. Additional processing may be required e.g. size-reduction or sterilization before manufacturing In oral liquid preparations water is the main vehicle. It should meet the USP requirements for Purified water. It may be obtained by distillation or ion-exchange treatment

71. EQUIPMENTS  The following types of equipments may be used in the manufacture of oral liquid solutions:-  1. Mixing tanks (SS 316 Stainless Steel) equipped with an agitator.  2. Measuring devices for large and small amount of solids and liquids.  3. A filtration system for the final polishing - e.g. Sparkler filter. 

72. CLEANING OF EQUIPMENTS  -All equipments must be thoroughly cleaned and sanitized before use.   Disinfectants used: Dilute solutions of H2O2, phenol derivatives and paracetic acid.  Sterilized by: Alcohol, boiling water, autoclaving, steam or dry heat. 

73. Material of construction   · Tanks are usually constructed of polished stainless steel and are usually jacketed to allow for heating or cooling of the contents.   · Tanks are covered and equipped with see-through charging ports and illumination for easy observation of the contents · The compounded liquid may then be transported to the filling line, either manually by filling into portable transport tanks (fitted with wheels) or by pumping (or gravity flow) through a liquid delivery conduit.   

74. COMPOUNDING PROCEDURE  Objective Complete solution should usually be confirmed at every stage in the manufacture of a homogeneous liquid.  Formula-  1. Active constituent / Drug  2. Vehicle (Water / Alcohol / Glycerol)  Sweetening agents (viscosity building agents) Syrup, Sorbitol, Glycerol  3. Preservatives  4. Flavors  5. Colors (Dyes) 

75. Steps of preparation  1. Purified water is heated to approximately 50 degrees to facilitate the dissolution of the solid solutes. Solid solutes are added to the warm water. 2. If any additive is required in small amount then it should be dissolved separately and then mixed with the bulk mixture.  3. Any large volume liquids (e.g. glycerol) are added and mixed until homogeneous.  4. Before adding flavors the temperature should be reduced to 30degrees(since most of the flavors are volatile). The flavor should be dissolved in small amount of alcohol (since flavors are generally insoluble in aqueous medium) and then it is mixed with the bulk mixture.  5. Dye should be dissolved n small amount of water. Then transferred to the bulk mixture.  6. Finally volume is made up to the required volume. The total mixture is agitated thoroughly until homogeneity is obtained.  7. Finally the batch is filtered to obtain a polished, clear solution

76. PAKAGING MATERIALS a. glass b. plastic
Plastic containers
Glass containers

77. FILLING 3 basic filling methods - gravimentric - volumentric
- constant level filling

78. Liquid Filling System
Palletized filling
Top filling
Bottom filling

80. CONCLUSION
As it is easy to administer for children and elderly people and also good compliance due to flavour,rapid absorption as it avoids first pass effect and flexible dosing it is preffered.

81. REFERENCES
-The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy . leon lachman and lieberman. -Ansel’s pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems -Dispensing pharmacy cooper and gunns -Aulton.