2. Group Members: ADIL KHAN 1421-311080 MEHMAL JAVED 1421-311079
RAFIQUE AHMED
SYED NASHAD HUSSAIN
ZEESHAN AKBAR ZUBERI

3. Topic:
Chapter No. 12:
“THE BASICS OF NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING”

4. Contents: Troubleshooting the network
Preventing problems
Troubleshooting the network
Reference sources for troubleshooting
Diagnostic tools

5. Preventing Problems:
The first step in problems prevention is to set up the network carefully .Viruses and electrical problems can weak the network, but they are almost entirely preventable
Physical environment
Electrical problems
Viruses, worms, and Trojan horses
Security

6. Physical Environment:
Although computers are not especially sensitive to their environment, their physical surroundings do have an impact on them .However, the general areas where you can protect your network.
Temperature
Air quality
Magnetism

7. Electrical Problems :
Electrical problems occur quickly and often without warning .There are four main steps of electrical problems:
Crosstalk
Noise
Static
Transients

8. Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses:
A computer virus is a computer program that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another. The term "virus" is also commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have a reproductive ability.

9. Troubleshooting

10. Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting is the process of diagnosing the source of a problem. It is used to fix problems with hardware, software, and many other products.
The basic theory of troubleshooting is that you start with the most general possible problems, and then narrow it down to more specific issues.

11. Troubleshooting procedure
Prevent reoccurrence
Verify the correction
Correct the problem
Identify the problem
Find the faulty component

12. Identify the problem What problem the end-user is experiencing?
What the computer was doing ?
When the problem occurred?

13. Find the Faulty Component
In networks we may have the problem with hardware or software.
Check all the hardware & software components of your computer.
Hardware i.e. Printer, Cables etc.
Software i.e. Operating Systems

14. Correcting Problem:
After identify the faulty component of your network, correct that particular component to work properly in the network.

15. Verifying Correction:
Now you correct the problem so verify the correction you made in the network.
If it is correct you are ready to connect with your network.

16. Prevent reoccurrence
After verify the correction make possible changes in hardware & software to prevent your network from that particular problem.

17. Reference Sources for Troubleshooting

18. Reference source for troubleshooting:
The micro house technical library: Available from micro house corporation, this library is extensive (CD-ROM ) data base o f network cards, motherboards, hard drives and other hard ware .
Microsoft's TechNet: Contains ms technical information, product details, and articles about the latest software's releases, updates and revisions .
Novell support encyclopedia: A large data base of information about NetWare and networking
Novell net wire: Includes much the same information and features as NSEPro, but in a constantly updated form, and it’s actually cheaper than an NSEPro subscription

19. The micro house technical library
Encyclopedia of Hard Drives
Encyclopedia of Main Boards
Encyclopedia of Network Cards
Encyclopedia of I/O Cards

20. Microsoft Technical information Network (TechNet)
Microsoft TechNet Subscriptions allow you to download and evaluate the latest full-version software and beta releases, and provide access to extensive technical information about Microsoft technologies. You can use these resources to quickly resolve technical issues

21. The Network Support Encyclopedia:
Novell’s network support encyclopedia, professional edition, or NSEPro,
It Contains a huge database of information about NetWare and networking.
It includes more than 170MB of text, The Network Support Encyclopedia (NSE) is an electronic
InfoBase containing a collection of network technical information.

22. Diagnostic Tools

23. Diagnostic Tools Terminators Cable Testers
Time-Domain Reflectometer (TDRs)
Digital Volt Meters (DVMs)
Protocol Analyzers

24. Terminators
Electrical termination of a signal involves providing a terminator at the end of a wire or cable to prevent an Radio Frequency signal (RF) from being reflected back from the end, causing interference. The terminator is placed at the end of a transmission line.

25. Cable Tester
A Cable Tester is an instrument for testing the integrity of a stretch of cable.

26. Time-Domain Reflectometer (TDRs)
A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic instrument used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables.
A TDR transmits a short rise time pulse along the conductor. If the conductor is of a uniformimpedance and is properly terminated, the entire transmitted pulse will be absorbed in the far-end termination and no signal will be reflected toward the TDR. Any impedance discontinuities will cause some of the incident signal to be sent back towards the source. This is similar in principle to radar.
Increases in the impedance create a reflection that reinforces the original pulse whilst decreases in the impedance create a reflection that opposes the original pulse.
The resulting reflected pulse that is measured at the output/input to the TDR is displayed or plotted as a function of time and, because the speed of signal propagation is almost constant for a given transmission medium, can be read as a function of cable length.
Because of this sensitivity to impedance variations, a TDR may be used to verify cable impedance characteristics, splice and connector locations and associated losses, and estimate cable lengths.

27. Digital Volt Meters (DVMs)
A Digital Volt Meter can help you find a break in a network cable by checking the voltage being carried across a network cable.

28. Protocol Analyzers
A "Protocol analyzer" is a tool (hardware or software) used to capture and analyze signals and data traffic over a communication channel.
Protocol analyzers are mainly used for performance measurement and troubleshooting. These devices connect to the network to calculate key performance indicators to monitor the network and speed-up troubleshooting activities.

29. Thank You…!!!