1. Community Ecology

2. symbiotic relationships
Review…
Communities include all of the interacting organisms from many species in a given area.
There are 5 major types of close species interactions
Competition
Predation
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
Close species interactions are called:
symbiotic relationships

3. Predation
-when one individual, the predator, captures, kills and eats another individual, the prey.

4. To survive and reproduce, predators have evolved to be efficient killers. Name some adaptations that give predators an advantage.

5. Likewise, to avoid predators, prey have evolved elaborate escape strategies. Name some adaptations that give prey an advantage.

6. False eyes confuse predators
Some unusual prey adaptations…
False eyes confuse predators

7. Aposematic or “warning” coloration tells predators to keep away.

8. Some prey have evolved to look like poisonous or distasteful species
Some prey have evolved to look like poisonous or distasteful species. This is called “mimicry”.
Syrphid fly
Honeybee
Viceroy
Monarch

9. Prey may also show “cryptic coloration” which allows them to blend into their environments.
Walking Stick

10. Tobacco plant
Acacia
Even plants have evolved defenses against “predators”.

11. Parasitism One individual is harmed while the other benefits.
•Parasite usually lives in or on the host
•Usually kills host slowly
Ectoparasite :lives on host
Endoparasite: lives in host
(Mite)
(Tapeworm Head)

12. Lamprey

13. Mutualism Both individuals benefit. Ex: Pollinators
Ex: Fungus on plant roots

14. Commensalism One benefits. The other is unaffected.
Remoras and Sea Turtle

15. Predation, Parasitism, Mutualism, or Commensalism?
Cattle Egret