1. The Transition Metals

2. General Properties of Transition Metals
Do Now:
What do you know already about the transition metals?

3. What do we know about the d-block?
Transition metals
The outer e- are in the d sub-shell.
“Transition metals are d-block elements that form one or more stable ions with incompletely filled d-orbitals”
Why are Sc and Zn d-block elements, but NOT transition elements?
This slide is a repeat of one in the redox topic
Pupils should know that answer to the question.
Only Ti-Cu in the first row are transition metals.
Sc and Zn have e in the d sub-shell, but they do not form any stable ions with partially filled d sub-shell (Sc3+ would be 1s22s22p63s23p6)
(Zn2+ would be 1s22s22p63s23p63d10)
Sc1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2
Zn1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2

4. What are Transition Metals?
Transition metals form at least one stable ion with a partially filled d sub-shell.
Top row transition metals: Ti – Cu
According to the definition ...
Sc is not a transition metal (Sc and Sc3+)
Zn is not a transition metal (Zn and Zn2+)

5. Electronic Configurations
Task: Complete the electronic configurations for the following atoms and ions (Use shorthand notation e.g., [Ar] ...)
Remember!
4s fills and empties before 3d Fe
[Ar] 4s2 3d6 Cu
[Ar] 4s1 3d10
Fe3+
[Ar] 3d5
Cu+
[Ar] 3d10 Sc
This is on p2 of the TM Chemsheets booklet
Ask pupils to complete the rest of p2
Remind pupils about:
Cr [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu [Ar] 4s1 3d10
4s1 so that half or full d sub-shell ... More stable
[Ar] 4s2 3d1
Cu2+
[Ar] 3d9
Sc3+
[Ar] Zn
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 V
[Ar] 4s2 3d3
Zn2+
[Ar] 3d10
V2+
[Ar] 3d3 Cr
[Ar] 4s1 3d5

6. Characteristics of TM
They are all metals, so your task is to list their characteristics…
Hard
Strong
Shiny
High mpt and bpt
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Act as catalysts
Form coloured ions and compounds
Form ions with different oxidation states
Form ions with incompletely-filled d-orbitals
TM tend to be stronger , more dense and less reactive than the metals in Groups 1 and 2.

7. Uses of TM
Their physical properties together with their fairly low chemical reactivity make the TM very useful
Fe (and alloy steel) for vehicles and to reinforce concrete
Cu for water pipes
Ti for jet engine parts that need to withstand high temps

8. 1) They form coloured ions
The majority of TM complexes are coloured
e.g., Cu2+ (aq) is blue - CuSO4

9. 2) They form complexes (ligands form co-ordinate bonds to the metal ion)
[Cu(H2O)6]2+
[CuCl4]2-
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ formed when CuSO4 dissolves in water

10. 3) They exhibit variable oxidation states
Often have more than one oxidation state in their compounds, e.g., Cu(I) and Cu(II)
So they can take part in many redox reactions

11. 4) They show catalytic activity
Ni Margarine production
V2O5 Contact Process making SO3 for H2SO4
Fe Haber process to make NH3
Pt, Pd Catalytic converters
MnO2 Decomposition of H2O2
Question pupils on the catalysts – they should know Vanadium(V) oxide and iron from Unit 2

12. Oxidation States
What is the oxidation of the TM in the following compounds?
TiO3
CuSO4
KMnO4
CoSO4
V2O5
MnCl2
TiCl4
K2CrO4

13. Oxidation States
What is the oxidation of the TM in the following compounds?
Ti2O
CuSO
KMnO
CoSO
V2O
MnCl
TiCl
K2CrO

14. Quick Check: True or False
TM are very useful because they are generally more reactive than Group 1 and Group 2 metals.
The electronic configuration of Cr is [Ar] 4s2 3d4
Zn is not a TM
The oxidation state of vanadium is VCl3 is +3
The 4 chemical properties of TM are:
Catalysis, formation of coloured ion, formation of complex ions, formation of hydroxides in water

15. Quick Check: True or False
TM are very useful because they are generally more reactive than Group 1 and Group 2 metals.
The electronic configuration of Cr is [Ar] 4s2 3d4
Zn is not a TM
The oxidation state of vanadium is VCl3 is +3
The 4 chemical properties of TM are:
Catalysis, formation of coloured ion, formation of complex ions, formation of hydroxides in water