1. Thunderstorms – 13.1
The Nature of Storms

2. Thunderstorms
A thunderstorm is a storm that generates lightning and thunder.
Thunderstorms frequently produce gusty winds, heavy rain, and hail.
At any given moment, nearly 2000 thunderstorms are occurring around the world.

3. Thunderstorms About 45,000 thunderstorms take place each day.
More than 16 million occur annually around the world.
The US experiences about 100,000 thunderstorms each year, most frequently in Florida and the eastern Gulf Coast region.

4. Thunderstorms
Thunderstorm Time Lapse

5. How Thunderstorms Form
For a thunderstorm to form, three conditions must exist:
There must be an abundant source of moisture in the lower levels of the atmosphere.
Some mechanism must lift the air so that the moisture can condense and release latent heat.
The portion of the atmosphere through which the cloud grows must be unstable.

7. Limits to Growth Air will keep rising until :
it meets a layer of stable air it cannot overcome
The rate of condensation is insufficient to generate latent heat to keep the cloud warmer than the surrounding air

8. Air-Mass Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms are often classified according to the mechanism that caused the air to rise.
If the air rose because of unequal heating of Earth’s surface within one air mass, the thunderstorm is called an air-mass thunderstorm.

9. Air-Mass Thunderstorms
The unequal heating reaches its max during mid-afternoon. Thus, air-mass thunderstorms are common then.
There are two common types of air-mass thunderstorms:
Mountain thunderstorms
Sea-breeze thunderstorms

10. Air-Mass Thunderstorms
Mountain thunderstorms occur when an air mass rises as a result of orographic lifting.
Sea-breeze thunderstorms are local air-mass thunderstorms caused in part by extreme temperature difference between the air over land and the air over water.

11. Mountain Thunderstorm Due to Orographic Lifting

13. Frontal Thunderstorms
Frontal thunderstorms are produced by advancing cold fronts and warm fronts.
In a cold front, cold air pushes warm air rapidly up the steep cold-front boundary. This can produce a line of thunderstorms along the leading edge of the cold front.

14. Frontal Thunderstorm
Less frequently, thunderstorms can develop along the advancing edge of a warm front.
In a warm front, a warm air mass slides up and over a cold air mass.
If the warm air behind the warm front is unstable and moisture levels are high, a mild thunderstorm can develop.

15. Stages of Development A thunderstorm has 3 stages
Cumulus stage
Mature stage
Dissipation stage
The stages are classified according to the direction in which the air is moving.

16. Cumulus Stage Air starts to rise upward.
This creates updrafts, which transport moisture to the upper reaches of the cloud.
The moisture condenses into visible cloud droplets and releases latent heat.
The droplets coalesce and fall to Earth as precipitation.
This begins the mature stage of a thunderstorm.

18. Mature Stage As precipitation falls, it cools the air around it.
The newly cooled air is more dense than surrounding air and sinks rapidly to the ground.
This creates downdrafts.
The updrafts and downdrafts form a convection cell that produces the gusty surface winds associated with thunderstorms.

20. Dissipation Stage
The production of downdrafts is ultimately the thunderstorm’s undoing.
The convection cell can exist only if there is a steady supply of warm, moist air at Earth’s surface. Once that supply runs out, the updrafts slow and eventually stop, and precipitation can no longer form.
The storm is then in the dissipation stage.