1. ERGOgenic Aids

2. Prevalence of Substance Abuse in Sports
Accurate assessment is difficult to achieve because of the sensitive and personal nature of the problem.
High profile athletes struggle with drugs: _________________________________
High profile athletes and banned substances: _________________________________

3. Prevalence of Substance Abuse in Sports
Marion Jones first sample + for EPO, 2nd sample negative; exonerated.
Justin Gatlin….testosterone
Bonds, McGuire, Palmeiro, Canseco etc
Ben Johnson
Cyclists
Lyle Alzado

4. Prevalence of Substance Abuse in Sports
Most studies have focused on alcohol and steroid use:
Alcohol use: % of high school athletes, over 80% of college athletes.
Performance-enhancing drugs: up to 5% of high school and college athletes report using them (higher % among elite athletes, especially in past).

5. Why Athletes and Exercisers Take Drugs
Physical reasons include wanting to:
enhance performance
treat injury
look better
control appetite and lose weight

6. Why Athletes and Exercisers Take Drugs
Psychological reasons include wanting to:
escape from unpleasant emotions or stress
build confidence or enhance self-esteem
get buzzed/wasted or seek fun/ excitement
“Winning”
Social Reasons include:
emulating athletic heroes
peer pressure
WINNING
Winning
Winning: 2 guarantees – u will win, and not get caught. 98% of nearly 200 olypian or pre-olympian athletes said YES u will win every competition for 5 yrs, not get caught, then die from side affects …60% YES STUDY

7. Ergogenic Aids - Definition
Any substance or treatment that either directly improves physiological variables associated with exercise performance or removes subjective restraints that may limit physiologic capacity

8. Ergogenic Aids Types Psychological Mechanical Pharmacological
Physiological
Nutritional

9. Doping Definition (USOC)
“…..the administration of or use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or of any physiological substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal route of entry into the body, with the sole intention of increasing in an artificial manner his/her performance in competition is regarded as doping..”

10. Psychological Phenomena
Hypnosis
Music
Performance Enhancement Techniques (PST)
“Placebo Effect” / Superstitions

11. Mechanical Factors Clothing Equipment Heat and Cold Application
Improved Body Mechanics
Environment (Playing Conditions and Surface)

12. Pharmacological Agents
Over the Counter Drugs:
Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Melatonin….etc;
“Recreational” Drugs:
Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine…….etc;
Prescription Drugs:
Anabolic Steroids, Benzodiazepines, Beta-Adrenergic Agents…….etc;

13. Caffeine’s Proposed Ergogenic Effect
Increased mental alertness/concentration
central nervous system stimulant
Elevated mood
Decreased fatigue
Enhanced catecholamine release
Improved muscular strength

14. Caffeine (Con’t) Effect Depends on: Individual caffeine status
Individual variability
Caffeine dosage and administration
Illegal (>12ug/ml)
approx cups of strong coffee or 4 vivarin for a 150 pound person consumed 2-3 hours before performance
Problems:
caffeine is a diuretic; impairs heat tolerance;
stomach upsets; nervousness

15. Alcohol as an Ergogenic Aid
source of energy (?); one beer appr. 150 calories, 13 grams of carbohyd. and 13 grams of alcohol
“uneconomical” - more oxygen needed to metabolize a gram of alcohol than a gram of carbohydrates or fat
psychological effect: reduced anxiety, less muscle tremor (archery, not supported by research); greater self-confidence

16. Alcohol continued negative effects on performance;
increased heart rate and oxygen consumption
increased blood pressure and blood lactate
increased reaction time
impaired hand-eye coordination and visual perception
currently not banned by IOC except for shooting competitions

17. Anabolic Steroids
Testosterone (must be injected or it will be destroyed by digestive enzymes)
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
synthetic drugs designed to mimic the effects of testosterone; taken orally or injected
Human Growth Hormone (anabolic)
used like steroids to increase muscle mass
Beta Adrenergic Agents (Clenbuterol)

18. Ergogenic Effect and Side Effects of AAS
Increase muscle mass; decrease body fat; improve strength even without training
Side Effects (AAS):
acne; hair loss; male secondary sex characteristics like deepening of the voice;
increased aggression, depression, hostility, suicide attempts, tendency to commit violent acts;
cardiovascular disease (elevated cholesterol, blood pressure)
severe liver damage;tumors (Alzado)….. etc

19. Effects and Side Effects of Growth Hormone
hormone secreted by pituitary gland; stimulates bone and muscle growth; effects protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism
currently little data showing ergogenic effects beyond the effect generated by strength training
may lead to diabetes; thickening of soft tissue in face, hands and feet; enlargement of organs such as liver

20. Effects and Side Effects of Clenbuterol (asthma; illegal in U.S.)
increase lean muscle mass and strength; decrease body fat
less potent than anabolic steroids
side effects:
tachycardia
muscle tension
headaches and dizziness

21. Physiological Agents Bicarbonate Loading Blood Doping
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Altitude Training
Glycerol
Phosphate Loading

22. Erythropoietin - EPO
Hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
Has same effect as “blood doping” and altitude training (more efficient use of O2)
Illegal
Dangers: increased blood viscosity, clotting potential, increased risk for stroke and heart failure, or pulmonary edema

23. Nutritional Agents / Supplements
Amino Acid Supplementation
Bee Pollen
Carbohydrate Loading
Carnitine
Coenzyme Q-10
Creatine Phosphate
Water or Special Beverages
Branched-Chain-Amino Acids (BCCA, leucine, isoleucine, valine);
Central Fatigue Hypothesis:
low levels of BCCA and high levels of free-tryptophan (f-TRP) lead to increased entry f-TRP into the brain stimulating serotonin production causing fatigue; exercising muscles use BCCA as a source of fuel;
Ergogenic Effect not supported by research.
Mineral Supplement
Chromium Picolate:
enhanced endurance performance by improving insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate metabolism;
increased amino acid re-uptake in muscles --> modifies body composition;
Ergogenic Effect not supported by research

24. Ergogenic Effect Supported by Research
Legal Supplements / Behaviors
Creatine Phosphate (equivocal)
Caffeine
Altitude training (equivocal)

25. “There is still no sphere of nutrition in which faddism, misconceptions, ignorance, and quackery are more obvious than in athletics..” (M.H. Williams in Nutrition for Fitness and Sport, 4th ed., 1995)