1. + ESTERIFICATION O C C C C C O C C C C C H H H H H OH H O H H H H H H
THE DOTTED WHITE LINE SHOWS WHERE THE NEW BOND FORMS H H H H H C C C OH
H O C C H H H H H
PROPANOIC ACID
ETHANOL O H H H H H C C C O C C H +
HOH H H H H
ESTER LINKAGE
ESTERIFICATION IS AN EXAMPLE OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS, WATER IS REMOVED, IS A PRODUCT
ACID PART
ALCOHOL PART
ALCOHOL PART
ACID PART
ETHYL PROPANOATE

2. ! ! + ADDITION (ALKENE) C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H Br2 H H H H H
2-BUTENE (CNH2N)
BROMINE H H H H
REMEMBER
EACH C HAS 4 BONDS, EACH H ONLY 1, EACH HALOGEN ONLY 1 +
Br2 H C C C C H ! H H
REMEMBER:
The halogen MUST bond to carbons where the double bond was located
2,3 DIBROMO BUTANE H H Br H H H H H
SAME AS H C C C C H H C C C C H ! H Br H H H Br Br H
2,3 DIBROMO BUTANE, THESE STRUCTURES ARE NOT ISOMERS, THEY ARE THE SAME, THE SINGLE BOND ROTATES.

3. + + ADDITION (ALKYNE) C C C C C C C C C C C C H H Br2 H H H H H Br H H
2-BUTYNE(CNH2N-2)
BROMINE H H +
Br2 H C C C C H H H
THE CIS AND TRANS ISOMERS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE, THERE IS NO ROTATION OF DOUBLE BONDS
2,3 DIBROMO BUTENE H Br H H H + H C C C C H H C C C C H H Br H H Br Br H
CIS ISOMER
TRANS ISOMER

4. ! + SUBSTITUTION (ALKANE) C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H Br2 H H H H
BUTANE(CNH2N+2)
BROMINE H H H H +
Br2 H C C C C H H H H H
REMEMBER
A MIXTURE OF ISOMERS MAY BE OBTAINED IN SUBSTITUTION.
2 BROMO BUTANE
1 BROMO BUTANE ! H H H H H H H H
AND H C C C C H H C C C C H H H H Br H Br H H
HBr

5. C4H10O ISOMERS OF C4H10O C C C C C C O C C C C C C H H H H H OH H H H
1-BUTANOL
C4H10O H H H H H H H H C C O C C H H C C C C H H H H H H H OH H H
DIETHYL ETHER
2-BUTANOL

6. C4H10O ISOMERS OF C4H10O C C C C H CH3 C C C C CH3 C CH3 PRIMARY H H HOH H H H H
1-BUTANOL
C4H10O
TERTIARY H H 1
CH3 1 C H H H 4 C 3 C 2 C 3
CH3 C OH H OH 2 H H
SECONDARY
CH3
2-BUTANOL
2-METHYL-2 PROPANOL