1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF BANKING & FINANCE
Risk Management –Module C pm By
M.Ravindran

2. Syllabus Module C: Treasury Management:
Treasury management; concepts and functions; instruments in the
treasury market; development of new financial products; control
and supervision of Treasury management; linkage of domestic
operations with foreign operations.
Asset-liability management; Interest rate risk; interest rate futures;
stock options; debt instruments; bond portfolio strategy; risk
control and hedging instruments.
Investments – Treasury bills – Money markets instruments such
as CDs, CPs, IBPs; Securitisation and Forfaiting; Refinance and
rediscounting facilities.

3. Ans: c. Example Which of the following about a callable bond is true?
a. Callable bonds always trade at a discount to non-callable bonds.
b. Callable bonds expose issuers to the risk of reduced re-investment return.
c. Callable bonds are actually variable tenor bonds.
d. Callable bonds are not as liquid as non-callable bonds.
Ans: c.

4. Interest Payment Dates 25th July & 25th Oct
ABC Bank enters into an Interest Rate Swap with XYZ Ltd on the following terms
Principal Amount
Rs. 100crores
Corporate to Pay
6.50% Fixed
Corporate to Receive
3 month NSE MIBOR
Start date
Tenor
6 months
Termination date
Interest Payment Dates
25th July & 25th Oct
First Fixing
6.10%
In the above case, which of the following is correct in respect of net interest amount payable/receivable on 25th July 2007?
XYZ Ltd to pay Rs ********
XYZ Ltd to receive Rs *90*.4
c)XYZ Ltd to pay Rs
d) XYZh Ltd to receive Rs

5. General Ledger Balance of ABC Bank as on 12-10-2007 Rs. In 000’s
Liabilities Rs
Assets
Paid up capital
10,000
Building
10000
Current Account
180,000
Car
20000 SB
450,000
Cash Credit
Fixed Deposit
600,000
Term Loan
800000
Interest accrued
Margin on LCs
2,000
Suspense Account
TT Payable
1,000
Branch Adjustment Account
CBLO(Colaterised Borrowing & Lending Obligations)
ECGC Claims
7,000

6. 1)Demand Liabilities in the above cae works out to ……………
631000******
638000
None of the above

7. 2)Time Liabilities is equal to ………………………..
600000********
120000
127000
None of the above

8. 3)Other demand and time Liabilities amounts to ……………………
10000
17000
18000
None of the above

9. 4)Which of the following is not an exempted category for the purpose of CRR calculation?
Credit Balances in ACU Dollar Accounts
CBLO
DTL in respect of OBUs
Staff Security Deposits ********

10. Amount received from DICGC Claims
Which of the following can be included for DTL/NDTL computation
Amount received from DICGC Claims
Amount received from Insurance company on ad hoc settlement of claims
Amount received from the court receiver
Amount held as margin against LC*********

11. ABC IS A CORPORATE, WHOSE BANKER IS XYZ.
ABC WILL IMPORT RAW MATERIAL WORTH
USD IN THE MONTH OF JANUARY &
PAYMENT IS TO BE MADE ON 31ST JANUARY,2008
ABC WANTS TO BOOK A FORWARD CONTRACT
FOR THIS TRANSACTION :
SPOT RATE OF USD : 39.32/33
PREMIUM UPTO 31ST JANUARY,2008 :RS.0.15 PAISE
BANK WILL KEEP A MARGIN OF RS.0.03 PAISE
BASED ON THE ABOVE, WHAT WILL BE THE RATE
TO BE QUOTED TO ABC, BY XYZ :
(A) RS
(B) RS
(C) RS Answer : B
(D) RS.39.48

12. 57.6 crores*********** 58.6 crores 60.6 crores 52.6 crores
The credit portfolio of ABC Bank has undergone
a uniform downgrade as on
after an economic downturn. The position prior
to the downgrade is given below:.The minimum capital required after downgrade is …………..
Rating Scale
Risk Weight (%)
Exposure
Rs. In crores
Extent of downgrade
AAA 20
200
20 % AA 50 A
100
20 %
BBB
BB& Below
150
800
Minimum capital under Basel II
Rs crores
57.6 crores***********
58.6 crores
60.6 crores
52.6 crores

13. Working Rating Scale Risk Weight Exposure RWA Before down grade
Exposure after
Downgrade
AFTER DOWNGRADE
AAA
20%
200 40
160 80 AA
50%
100 A 50
120 60
BBB
100%
180
BB & below
150%
150
140
210
540
630

14. Integrated Treasury
Integrated Treasury refers to integration of money market, securities market and foreign exchange operations.
-Meeting reserve requirements
-Efficient merchant services
-Global cash management
-Optimizing profit by exploiting market opportunities in forex market, money market and securities market
-Risk management
-Assisting bank management in ALM

15. Dealing
settlement
MIS

16. Treasury

17. Money Market Certificate of Deposit (CD) Commercial Paper (C.P)
Inter Bank Participation Certificates
Inter Bank term Money
Treasury Bills
Call Money

18. Certificate of Deposit
CDs are short-term borrowings BY BANKS in the form of Usance Promissory Notes having a maturity of not less than 7 days up to a maximum of one year.
CD is subject to payment of Stamp Duty under Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (Central Act)

19. Features of CD Issued by all scheduled commercial banks except RRBs
Minimum period 7 days
Maximum period upto 1 year
Minimum Amount Rs 1 lac and in multiples of Rs. 1 lac
CDs are transferable by endorsement
CRR & SLR are to be maintained
CDs are to be stamped

20. Commercial Paper
Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a promissory note by corporates/PDs/FIs
Who can issue Commercial Paper (CP) Highly rated corporate borrowers, primary dealers (PDs) and all-India financial institutions (FIs)

21. Eligibility for issue of CP
The tangible net worth of the company, as per the latest audited balance sheet, is not less than Rs. 4 crore;
The borrowal account of the company is classified as a Standard Asset by the financing bank/s.

22. Rating Requirement
All eligible participants should obtain the credit rating for issuance of Commercial Paper
Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd. (CRISIL)
Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Ltd. (ICRA)
Credit Analysis and Research Ltd. (CARE)
Duff & Phelps Credit Rating India Pvt. Ltd. (DCR India)
The minimum credit rating shall be P-2 of CRISIL or such equivalent rating by other agencies

23. To whom issued
CP is issued to individuals, banking companies, other corporate bodies registered or incorporated in India and unincorporated bodies, Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs).

24. Maturity
CP can be issued for maturities between a minimum of 7 days and a maximum upto one year from the date of issue.
If the maturity date is a holiday, the company would be liable to make payment on the immediate preceding working day.

25. Meaning of Repo
It is a transaction in which two parties agree to sell and repurchase the same security. Under such an agreement the seller sells specified securities with an agreement to repurchase the same at a mutually decided future date and a price
The Repo/Reverse Repo transaction can only be done at Mumbai between parties approved by RBI and in securities as approved by RBI (Treasury Bills, Central/State Govt securities).

26. Repo
Uses of Repo It helps banks to invest surplus cash It helps investor achieve money market returns with sovereign risk. It helps borrower to raise funds at better rates An SLR surplus and CRR deficit bank can use the Repo deals as a convenient way of adjusting SLR/CRR positions simultaneously. RBI uses Repo and Reverse repo as instruments for liquidity adjustment in the system

27. Coupon rate and Yield
The difference between coupon rate and yield arises because the market price of a security might be different from the face value of the security. Since coupon payments are calculated on the face value, the coupon rate is different from the implied yield.

28. Example 10% Aug 2015 10 year Govt Bond Face Value RS.1000
Market Value Rs.1200
In this case Coupon rate is 10%
Yield is 8.33%
1000*10
= 8.33%
1200

29. Call Money Market
The call money market is an integral part of the Indian Money Market, where the day-to-day surplus funds (mostly of banks) are traded.
The money that is lent for one day in this market is known as "Call Money",
if it exceeds one day (but less than 15 days) it is referred to as "Notice Money".

30. Call Money Market
Banks borrow in this market for the following purpose
To fill the gaps or temporary mismatches in funds
To meet the CRR & SLR mandatory requirements as stipulated by the Central bank
To meet sudden demand for funds arising out of large outflows.

31. Factors influencing interest rates
The factors which govern the interest rates are mostly economy related and are commonly referred to as macroeconomic factors. Some of these factors are:
1) Demand for money
2) Government borrowings
3) Supply of money
4) Inflation rate
5) The Reserve Bank of India and the Government policies determine some of the variables mentioned above.

32. Gilt edged securities
The term government securities encompass all Bonds & T-bills issued by the Central Government, and state governments. These securities are normally referred to, as "gilt-edged" as repayments of principal as well as interest are totally secured by sovereign guarantee.

33. Treasury Bills
Treasury bills, commonly referred to as T-Bills are issued by Government of India against their short term borrowing requirements with maturities ranging between 14 to 364 days.
All these are issued at a discount-to-face value. For example a Treasury bill of Rs face value issued for Rs gets redeemed at the end of it's tenure at Rs

34. Who can invest in T-Bill
Banks, Primary Dealers, State Governments, Provident Funds, Financial Institutions, Insurance Companies, NBFCs, FIIs (as per prescribed norms), NRIs & OCBs can invest in T-Bills.

35. What is auction of Securities
Auction is a process of calling of bids with an objective of arriving at the market price. It is basically a price discovery mechanism

36. Yield of Treasury Bill Y= (100-P)*365*100 ----------------------- P*D
Y = Yield
P= Price
D =Days to maturity

37. Example 91 days treasury bills maturing on 6-12-2007
Purchased on Rate quoted is Rs per Rs100
( )*365*100=
( *55 days) =
=5.70%

38. Debenture
A Debenture is a debt security issued by a company (called the Issuer), which offers to pay interest in lieu of the money borrowed for a certain period.
These are long-term debt instruments issued by private sector companies. These are issued in denominations as low as Rs 1000 and have maturities ranging between one and ten years.

39. Difference between debenture and bond
Long-term debt securities issued by the Government of India or any of the State Government’s or undertakings owned by them or by development financial institutions are called as bonds. Instruments issued by other entities are called debentures.

40. Current yield
This is the yield or return derived by the investor on purchase of the instrument (yield related to purchase price) It is calculated by dividing the coupon rate by the purchase price of the debenture. For e. g: If an investor buys a 10% Rs 100 debenture of ABC company at Rs 90, his current Yield on the instrument would be computed as: Current Yield = (10%*100)/90 X 100 , That is 11.11% p.a.

41. Primary Dealers
Primary Dealers can be referred to as Merchant Bankers to Government of India, comprising the first tier of the government securities market. These were formed during the year to strengthen the market infrastructure

42. What role do Primary Dealers play?
The role of Primary Dealers is to; (i) commit participation as Principals in Government of India issues through bidding in auctions (ii) provide underwriting services (iii) offer firm buy - sell / bid ask quotes for T-Bills & dated securities (v) Development of Secondary Debt Market

43. OMO
OMO or Open Market Operations is a market regulating mechanism often resorted to by Reserve Bank of India. Under OMO Operations Reserve Bank of India as a market regulator keeps buying or/and selling securities through it's open market window. It's decision to sell or/and buy securities is influenced by factors such as overall liquidity in the system,

44. YIELD CURVE
The relationship between time and yield on a homogenous risk class of securities is called the Yield Curve. The relationship represents the time value of money - showing that people would demand a positive rate of return on the money they are willing to part today for a payback into the future

45. SHAPE OF YIELD CURVE
A yield curve can be positive, neutral or flat. A positive yield curve, which is most natural, is when the slope of the curve is positive, i.e. the yield at the longer end is higher than that at the shorter end of the time axis. This results, as people demand higher compensation for parting their money for a longer time into the future.
A neutral yield curve is that which has a zero slope, i.e. is flat across time. T his occurs when people are willing to accept more or less the same returns across maturities.
The negative yield curve (also called an inverted yield curve) is one of which the slope is negative, i.e. the long term yield is lower than the short term yield

46. Shape of Yield curve

47. LIBOR
LIBOR stands for the London Interbank Offered Rate and is the rate of interest at which banks borrow funds from other banks, in marketable size, in the London interbank market.
LIBOR is the most widely used "benchmark" or reference rate for short term interest rates. It is compiled by the British Bankers Association as a free service and released to the market at about 11.00[London time] each day.

48. CRR & SLR
CRR is at present prescribed at 7% of demand and term liabilities (DTL) of the bank, respectively, under Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934.
The minimum and maximum SLR are prescribed at 25% and 40% of DTL respectively, under Banking Regulation Act of 1949.
The CRR and SLR are to be maintained on fortnightly basis.

49. Demand and Time Liabilities
Main components of DTL are:
Demand deposits (held in current and savings accounts, margin money for LCs, overdue fixed deposits etc.)
Time deposits (in fixed deposits, recurring deposits, reinvestment deposits etc.)
Overseas borrowings
Foreign outward remittances in transit (FC liabilities net of FC assets)
Other demand and time liabilities (accrued interest, credit balances in suspense account etc. )

50. SLR SLR is to be maintained in the form of the following assets:
Cash balances (excluding balances maintained for CRR)
Gold (valued at price not exceeding current market price)
Approved securities valued as per norms prescribed by RBI.

51. VaR
Value at Risk (VaR) is the most probable loss that we may incur in normal market conditions over a given period due to the volatility of a factor, exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices. The probability of loss is expressed as a percentage – VaR at 95% confidence level, implies a 5% probability of incurring the loss; at 99% confidence level the VaR implies 1% probability of the stated loss. The loss is generally stated in absolute amounts for a given transaction value (or value of a investment portfolio).

52. VaR
A VaR of Rs. 100,000 at 99% confidence level for one week for a investment portfolio of Rs. 10,000,000 similarly means that the market value of the portfolio is most likely to drop by maximum Rs. 100,000 with 1% probability over one week.

53. Exchange Rate Quotation
Exchange Quotations :
There are two methods
Exchange rate is expressed as the price per unit of foreign currency in terms of the home currency is known as the “Home currency quotation” or “Direct Quotation”
Exchange rate is expressed as the price per unit of home currency in terms of the foreign currency is known as the “Foreign Currency Quotation” or “Indirect Quotation”
Direct Quotation is used in New York and other foreign exchange markets and Indirect Quotation is used in London foreign exchange market.

54. Principles Direct Quotation: Buy Low, Sell High:
The prime motive of any trader is to make profit. By purchasing the commodity at lower price and selling it at a higher price a trader earns the profit. In foreign exchange, the banker buys the foreign currency at a lesser price and sells it at a higher price.
Indirect Quotation: Buy High, Sell Low:
A trader for a fixed amount of investment would acquire more units of the commodity when he purchases and for the same amount he would part with lesser units of the commodity when he sells.

55. Spot and Forward Transactions
‘A’ Bank agrees to buy from ‘B’ Bank USD The actual exchange of currencies i.e. payment of rupees and receipt of US Dollars, under the contract may take place :
on the same day or
two days later or
some day later, say after a month.

56. Interpretation of Quotation
The market quotation for a currency consists of the spot rate and the forward margin. The outright forward rate has to be calculated by loading the forward margin into the spot rate. For example US Dollar is quoted as under in the inter-bank market on a given day as under :
Spot USD = Rs /1300
Spot/November /0500
Spot/December /1800

57. TT Buying Rate TT Buying Rate (TT stands for Telegraphic Transfer)
This is the rate applied when the transaction does not involve any delay in realization of the foreign exchange by the bank. In other words, the nostro account of the bank would already have been credited. The rate is calculated by deducting from the inter-bank buying rate the exchange margin as determined by the Bank.

58. Bills Buying Rate
This is the rate to be applied when a foreign bill is purchased. When a bill is purchased, the proceeds will be realized by the Bank after the bill is presented to the drawee at the overseas center. In the case of a usance bill the proceeds will be realized on the due date of the bill which includes the transit period and the usance period of the bill.

59. Problem You would like to import machinery from USA worth USD 100000
to be payable to the overseas supplier on 31st Oct
[a] Spot Rate USD = Rs /8600
Forward Premium
September /3000
October /5450
November /7650
[b] exchange margin 0.125%
[c] Last two digits in multiples of nearest 25 paise
Calculate the rate to be quoted by the bank ?

60. Currency pair Bid Ask GBP/USD 0.9891 0.9894
Find out the CROSS rate for GBP/AUD
Currency pair
Bid
Ask
GBP/USD
0.9891
0.9894
AUD/USD
1.2287
1.2289
Ans : GBP/AUD /0.8052

61. Solution This is an example Forward Sale Contract .
Inter Bank Spot Selling Rate Rs
Add Forward Margin
Add Exchange Margin
Forward Rate
Rounded Off to multiple of 25 paise Rs
Amount Payable to the bank Rs.46,46,250

62. Swap
A swap agreement between two parties commits each counterparty to exchange an amount of funds, determined by a formula, at regular intervals, until the swap expires.
In the case of a currency swap, there is an initial exchange of currency and a reverse exchange at maturity.

63. Mechanics Firm A needs fixed rate loan –AAA rated
Firm B needs floating rate A rated
Firm A enjoys an absolute advantage in both credit markets.
11% 9%
LIBOR
+0.0%
+1%
Firm A
Firm B
Fixed-
rate
finance
Floating-

64. Mechanics STEP ! Firm A will borrow at Fixed rate 9%
Firm B will borrow at floating rate (LIBOR +1)%
STEP 2
Firm A will pay Floating rate [LIBOR] to Firm B
Firm B will Pay Fixed rate [9.5%] only
Gain
Net interest cost LIBOR- .5%
Net Interest cost 9+[ 1%+0.5%]=10.5%

65. Interest payments to each other in years t 1 to t 7.
Mechanics
9.5%
LIBOR
Interest payments to each other in years t 1 to t 7.
Gain A B
Borrows at
9.0%
fixed
for 7 years
LIBOR + 1%
floating

66. Which set of the following statements is true in respect of Commercial Paper (CP):
1, Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a promissory note
2. CP can be issued by Corporate, primary dealers (PDs) and the all-India financial institutions (FIs)
3. A corporate would be eligible to issue CP provided the tangible net worth of the company, as per the latest audited balance sheet, is not less than Rs.4 crore;
4.. The minimum credit rating shall be P-1 of CRISIL or such equivalent rating by other agencies.
5. CP can be issued for maturities between a minimum of 7 days and a maximum up to six months from the date of issue.
6. Amount invested by a single investor should not be less than Rs.15 lakh .
A.1,2 & 4
B.1,2 & 3*****
C.1,4 & 5
D.1,4 & 6

67. Which of the following is/are true in respect of Certificate of Deposit?
1. CDs can be issued by (i) scheduled commercial banks excluding Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Local Area Banks (LABs); and (ii) select all-India Financial Institutions .
2.. Minimum amount of a CD should be Rs.5 lakh i.e., the minimum deposit that could be accepted from a single subscriber should not be less than Rs. 5 lakh and in the multiples of Rs. 1 lakh thereafter.
3. CDs can be issued to individuals, corporations, companies, trusts, funds, associations, etc.
4.. The maturity period of CDs issued by banks should be not less than 7 days and not more than three years.
A . 1 & 2
B. 1 & 3*******
C 1 & 4
D 2 & 3

68. Credit Risk Mitigation
Borrower- A Ltd
Borrower- B Ltd
Exposure
Rs.100 crore
Maturity of exposure(years) 6 2
Nature of exposure
Corporate
Currency
USD
INR
Rating of Exposure
BBB
UNRATED
Haircut for exposure
12%
25%
Value of collateral after haircut
Rs.88crore
Rs75 crore
Risk weight
100%
In the above case, the RWA for the net exposures of A & B under Basel II are …..………………
Rs.28 crore and Rs 50 crore respectively********
Rs crore and Rs.53 crore respectively
Rs.18 crore and Rs.12 crore respectively
Rs.150 crore and Rs.75 crore respectively

69. A dealer has a $200 million open position
A dealer has a $200 million open position. He finds that his VaR for a one day period with a one percent probability is $1000,000.Which of the following is true?
a) This means that the dealer can expect to lose at least $1000,000
in any given day about one percent of the time, or in other words, 2.5 times in a year (assuming 250 trading days).****
b)This means that the dealer can expect to lose at least $1000,000
in any given day about 99 percent of the time, or in other words, times in a year (assuming 250 trading days).
c) This means that the dealer can expect to lose at least $2,000,000
in any given day about one percent of the time, or in other words, 2.5 times in a year (assuming 250 trading days).
d)This means that the dealer can expect to lose at least $ 4000,000

70. Actual MIBOR rates for 7 days are given below:
Bank A enters into a Overnight Indexed Swap (OIS) with XYZ Ltd whereby Bank agrees to pay 7 days OIS at 6.25% for Rs.25 crores and receive MIBOR Overnight Rate.
Actual MIBOR rates for 7 days are given below:
Day 1
6.15%
Day 2
6.05%
Day 3
6.10%
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
In the above case. the difference to be settled between the bank and the XYZ Ltd amounts to……………..
Rs.7671*********
Rs.7692
Rs.8035
Rs.8074

71. Asset Classification Status
The following is the NPA status of XYZ Exporters Ltd account in Bank A
Asset Classification Status
Doubtful -more than 3 years as on
ECGC Cover
50%
Realizable Value of Security
Rs.1.50 lakhs
Balance Outstanding
Rs.4 lakhs
The total provision required in the above case is ………………….
Rs lakh*****
Rs lakh
Rs lakh
Rs.2.00 Lakh

72. Ans: b. Example Coupon of a floating rate bond is
a. modified whenever there is a change in the benchmark rate.
b. modified at pre-set intervals with reference to a benchmark rate.
c. modified for changes in benchmark rate beyond agreed levels.
d. modified within a range, for changes in the benchmark rate.
Ans: b.

73. Example
Which of the following is true about a uniform price auction?
a.       An auction in which all successful bids are made for the same price.
b.       An auction in which all bidders have bid a uniform price.
c.       An auction in which all successful bidders are allotted bonds at the same price.
d.       An auction in which the cut-off price is derived as the weighted average of all successful bids.
Answer: c

74. Example
A treasury bill maturing on 28-Jun-2008 is trading in the market on 3-Jul-2007 at a price of Rs What is the discount rate in this price?
Answer:
The yield is computed as:
= ((100-price)*365)/(Price * No of days to maturity)
= (( )*365)/( *360)) = %

75. Example
What is the price at which a treasury bill maturing on 23rd March 2008 would be valued on July 13, 2007 at a yield of %?
Answer:
The price can be computed as
= 100/(1+(yield% * (No of days to maturity/365))
= 100/(1+(6.8204%*(253/365)) = Rs

76. Example
What is the day count convention in the treasury bill markets?
a. 30/360
b. Actual/Actual
c. Actual/360
d. Actual/365
Answer: d

77. Example
Which of the following participants in the call markets are allowed to lend as well as borrow?
a. Mutual Funds
b. Banks and Primary Dealers
c. Corporates
d. Financial Institutions
Answer: b

78. Repo
A 3-day repo is entered into on July 10, 2007, on an 11.99% 2009 security, maturing on April 7, The face value of the transaction is Rs. 3, 00, 00, The price of the security is Rs If the repo rate is 7%, what is the settlement amount on July 10, 2007?
Answer: Settlement amount on July 10, 2007 is the transaction value for the securities plus accrued interest.
Transaction Value:
3, 00, 00, 000 * /100 =Rs. 3, 49, 26, 000
Accrued Interest:
The number of days is 93.
Accrued interest = 3, 00, 00, 000 * 11.99%* 93/360 = Rs. 9, 29,
Therefore, the settlement amount is: Rs. 3,49,26, Rs. 9, 29, = Rs. 3, 58, 55,

79. Example
Compute the Rupee value of an SGL transaction, with the following data:
Coupon Rate: 11.68%
Maturity date: August 6, 2008
Settlement Date: July 11, 2007
Price: Rs
Transaction amount: Rs
Answer:
Value of the transaction = number of securities * trade price
= ( /100) *
= Rs. 5,27,01,250
Accrued Interest for the period since the last coupon is
= days since the last coupon/360 * coupon rate * face value
= (155/360) * *
= Rs. 25,14,444
Settlement amount = Value of transaction + Accrued Interest
= Rs. 5,27,01, ,14,444
= Rs. 5,52,15,694

80. 1-Feb-07. What are the number of days from the previous coupon date?
1A GOI security with coupon of 11.68%, maturing on 6-Aug-2008, is to be settled on
1-Feb-07. What are the number of days from the previous coupon date?
a.       179
b.       176
c.       178
d.       175
Answer: d.

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