1. APUSH 11th Theme Project 2015 Environment and Geography (ENV)
Elena grove and Tristin Gilmore
Mrs. Kuzma
2nd period

2. This theme examines the role of environment, geography, and climate in both constraining and shaping human actions. Students should analyze the interaction between the environment and Americans in their effort to survive and thrive. Students should also explore efforts to interpret, preserve, manage, or exploit natural and man-made environments, as well as the historical contexts within which interactions with the environment have taken place.

3. ENV-1
Explain how the introduction of new plants, animals and technologies altered the natural environment of North America and affected interactions among various groups in the colonial period.

4. Key Concept 1.1: Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.
I.: As settlers migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed quite different and increasingly complex societies by adopting to and transforming their diverse environments.
Maize: the cultivation of maize (Spanish corn) and other foods allowed the Indians to become stationary tribes. Because of its easy development, the environment was suited to the crops needs and the Indians used the “three-sister” technique to enrich the soil.
Iroquois: men and women were given different jobs, such as women tended to crops and the home while the men hunted and fished. Because the men were always out doing specific jobs, the Iroquois centered their authority and political power around the women, becoming a matrilineal culture.

5. Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North America environments that empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.
I.: Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflict within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.
Fur trade: France wanted to out-market other European countries with beaver fur, so they hired American Indians to hunt for them. However, the beaver population nearly became extinct while the American Indians broke the religious beliefs.
Molasses Act (1733): to gain more profits form the tobacco trade and other products, Parliament passed it to sever the trade between America and the French. As result of high demand and mass production, the Americans began to bribe and smuggle their products, a step towards the American Revolution.

6. ENV-2
Explain how the natural environment contributed to the development of distinct regional group identities, institutions, and conflicts in the precontact period through the independence period

7. Key Concept 1.3: Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.
II.: Native peoples and Africans in the Americas strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy in the face of European challenges to their independence and core belief.
Pope’s Rebellion (1680): once the Spaniards invaded and took over the lands of the American Indians in New Mexico and other places, they began trying to convert Indians to Christianity. The conversion caused the Pueblos to rebel and kill the Spanish settlers, and it took nearly a century for Spain to reclaim the lost area.
Seminole War ( ): the colonists, specifically President Andrew Jackson, wanted to move the Five Civilized Tribes, including the Seminoles, to a reservation. Like other tribes, the Seminoles fought against Jackson’s executive power to continue to live on their ancestral homes and in peace. However, they lost and some fled into the deep parts of the Everglades while the rest traveled to the reservation in present-day Oklahoma.

8. Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.
III.: Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies.
Tobacco: becoming a prominent plant within the colonies, it attracted the attention of tens of thousands of people that wanted to gain profits from it. However, after multiply harvests, it ruined and destroyed the land of any further other use.
The Carolinas: because most of the people were from Barbados, a place of successful growth in sugarcane, it became closely tied to the islands as well. Due to the same harsh labor system used in Barbados, the “rich man’s crop” began to take over the land and it grew to compete against the “poor man’s crop”, tobacco.

9. Key Concept 3.1: Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America le to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.
I.: Throughout the second half of the 18th century, various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the new U.S. government.
Pontiac’s Rebellion: near the end of the French and Indian War, Ottawa chieftain, Pontiac, led a final campaign with the help of the French to drive the British out of the Ohio country. It was successful in overrunning most of the British ports and gaining numerous amounts of land back.
Iroquois Confederacy: during the American Revolution, the more than half the tribes within the confederacy joined the British, convinced by the Anglicanism Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant. In the end, the British lost and the Indians lost most of their land.

10. ENV-3
Analyze the role of environment factors in contributing to regional economic and political identities in the 19th century and how they affected conflicts such as the American Revolution and the Civil War.

11. Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.
III.: New voices for national identity challenged tendencies to cling to regional identities, contributing to the emergence of distinctly American cultural expressions.
Republican Motherhood: this ideal expression established the root to educate wives and mothers so that they could teach the correct virtues and proper lessons to generations to come.
The First Bank of United States: the First B.U.S. was a symbol of all the banks together instead of each bank having different policies and or currencies. This would allow the nation to unify, as a whole, its debt and to bring the states together tighter than before.

12. Key Concept 4.3: U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade, expanding its national borders, and isolating itself from European conflicts shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
III.: The American acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to a contest over the extension of slavery into the western territories as well as a series of attempts at national compromise.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1850): it allowed a piece of western territory to be split in to two and the territories’ status would be determined by popular sovereignty. This violated the Missouri Compromise, which stated that under the 36° 30’ line is non-slavery territory.
Compromise of 1850: settled the dispute between the North and the South as a peaceful agreement for the time being. For the North, Carolina was admitted into the nation, the disputed territory between Texas and New Mexico was given to New Mexico, and the abolition of the slave trade in D.C.. The South was allotted the remainder of the Mexican recession area that would be open to popular sovereignty, $10 million to Texas from the federal government, and a strict fugitive-slave law. But in the end, the plan failed and America went into the Civil War.

13. Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
I.: Enthusiasm for U.S. territorial expansion, fueled by economic and national security interests and supported by claims of U.S. racial and cultural superiority, resulted in war, the opening of new markets, acquisition of new territory, and increased ideological conflicts.
Manifest Destiny: this idea evoked the idea that God had given the people of the United States power to expand and spread its institutions and beliefs in the west. This made the nation become expansionists as more settlers moved out to the west and began to change the environment to their needs.
Clanton-Bulwer Treaty (1850): agreement strengthened the Monroe Doctrine so that not only was Nicaragua and other parts of the Southwestern Hemisphere from European hands, but America as well. It prevented creating the Nicaragua Canal and to bring ships to the other side of the continent.

14. Overarching Question
How did economic and demographic changes affect the environment and lead to debates over use and control of the environment and natural resources?
Homestead Act of 1862 led to mass migration to the West, which eventually led to the California Gold Rush.
Railroads and big businesses led to deforestation
This led to the growth of the conservationist movement, causing conflict between conservationists and large industries

15. ENV-4 Analyze how the search for economic resources affected social and political developments from the colonial period through Reconstruction.
2.1 I: Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.
Joint-Stock Company
Sent Europeans to America in order to take advantage of the natural resources, leading to mass colonization.
Fort Nassau
First Dutch settlement in North America. Set up to trade furs with the Native Americans.
Headright System
Set up to increase the influx of colonists and the productivity of gold mining and tobacco farming. Guaranteed 50 acres of land in return for sponsoring a trip for an indentured servant.
Opechancanough Rebellion at Jamestown
Surprise Powhatan attack at Jamestown due to colonists taking Powhatan land for tobacco farming.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebellion was started in hopes of driving out the corrupt Virginia governor and neighboring Native Americans. Governor Berkeley refused to let settlers trade furs with the Natives, so a rebellion ensued.

16. 5.1 I: Enthusiasm for U.S. territorial expansion, fueled by economic and national security interests and supported by claims of U.S. racial and cultural superiority, resulted in war, the opening of new markets, acquisition of new territory, and increased ideological conflicts.
Gadsden Purchase
The U.S. purchased a large portion of Mexico’s land for $10 million to continue to expand the Transcontinental Railroad
Ku Klux Klan
A prominent organization primarily in the South that practices strict nativism and racism. Spawned from racial and cultural superiority
Sharecropping
Landowner allows a tenant to use a portion of the land in return for a portion of the crops grown on the land
California Gold Rush
The scramble to the West in hopes of finding gold in 1849
Homestead Act
Western land sold cheaply in hopes of farmers cultivating the land. Led to tensions between the Native Americans in the area

17. ENV-5 Explain how and why debates about and policies concerning the use of natural resources and the environment more generally have changed since the late 19th century.
6.2 II: As transcontinental railroads were completed, bringing more settlers west, U.S. military actions, the destruction of the buffalo, the confinement of American Indians to reservations, and assimilationist policies reduced the number of American Indians and threatened native culture and identity.
Buffalo
The buffalo population severely decreased due to railroads and excessive hunting. This hurt the Native Americans because a major food source was dwindling, leading to the starvation of numerous natives
John D. Rockefeller
Placed a monopoly on the Standard Oil Company, cutting the prices of oil
Andrew Carnegie
Created his own steel company and soon created a monopoly on steel
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Made millions through the steamboat business, which required an excess of coal to be used. Led to excessive coal mining
Union Pacific Railroad
The railroad stretched across America, leading to major deforestation. The railroad ran through Native American territory and destroyed their land

18. 6.1 III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts.
Sierra Club
A conservationist organization founded in 1892 that was associated with the Progressive Movement. The Sierra Club and its ideals conflicted with the big business ideals and its overuse of natural resources
Theodore Roosevelt
Established the National Park Service in order to protect major forests from deforestation by big businesses
Central Pacific Railroad
Caused major deforestation and ran through Native American land. Led to conflict with conservationists
U.S. Steel
One of the largest steel producers of the 19th century, establishing a major monopoly on iron