1. CDA 3100 Spring 2009

2. Special Thanks
Thanks to Dr. Xiuwen Liu for letting me use his class slides and other materials as a base for this course

3. Class organization Class web page
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Class organization
Class web page
Academic honor code
Programs you submitted must be your own work
While discussions of class materials and assignments are allowed, copying of solutions is strictly prohibited
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CDA3100
CDA3100

4. 11/22/2018
Class Communication
This class will use class web site to post news, changes, and updates. So please check the class website regularly
Please also make sure that you check your s on the account on your University record
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CDA3100
CDA3100

5. Required Textbook The required textbook for this class is
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Required Textbook
The required textbook for this class is
“Computer Organization and Design”
The hardware/software interface
By David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy
Third Edition
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, part of Elsevier
2007
We will cover chapters 1-4, part of 5, and appendix A,B
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CDA3100

6. Lecture Notes and Textbook
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Lecture Notes and Textbook
All the materials that you will be tested on will be covered in the lectures
Even though you may need to read the textbook for review and further detail explanations
The lectures will be based on the textbook and handouts distributed in class
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CDA3100
CDA3100

7. Programming Environment at CS
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Programming Environment at CS
For this class, we will use “linprog” most of the time
“linprog” is a machine stack, consisting of four Pentium III machines
Running Linux 2.6.9
Another available machine stack is “program”, consisting of four Sun workstations (Sun-Fire-V240, sparc ISA)
Running SunOS 5.10
Using ssh to remotely login to these machines
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CDA3100
CDA3100

8. What you will learn to answer (among other things)
How does the software instruct the hardware to perform the needed functions
What is going on in the processor
How a simple processor is designed

9. Computer System Overview
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Computer System Overview
A computer system consists of hardware and software that are combined to provide a tool to solve problems (with best performance)
Hardware includes CPU, memory, disks, printers, screen, keyboard, mouse ...
Software includes
System software
A general environment to create specific applications
Application software
A tool to solve a specific problem
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CDA3100
CDA3100

10. Computer System Overview – cont.
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Computer System Overview – cont.
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CDA3100

11. Steps to Run a C Program First we need to compile the program
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Steps to Run a C Program
First we need to compile the program
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CDA3100

12. 11/22/2018
CDA3100

13. Steps to Run a C Program Then we need to run the program
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Steps to Run a C Program
Then we need to run the program
The operating system locates where the program is
Then it loads the program into memory
The instructions in the program are then executed one by one
When the program is done, the operating system then releases the memory and other resources allocated to the program
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CDA3100

14. 11/22/2018
Opening the Box
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CDA3100

15. A Pentium 4 Processor Chip
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A Pentium 4 Processor Chip
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CDA3100

16. Five Classic Components
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Five Classic Components
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CDA3100

17. Hierarchical Abstraction
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Hierarchical Abstraction
We focus on principles underlying these computer systems using hierarchical abstractions
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CDA3100

18. Hierarchical Abstractions
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Hierarchical Abstractions
Applications/systems software
Assembly/machine language
Architectural issues: i.e., caches, virtual memory, pipelining
Boolean logic, 1s and 0s
Sequential logic, finite state machines
Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits
Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)
Semiconductors/silicon used to build transistors
Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum dynamics
In this class we focus on the software-hardware interface
Known as the instruction set architectures (ISA)
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CDA3100

19. Instruction Set Architecture
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Instruction Set Architecture
A very important abstraction
Interface between hardware and low-level software
Standardizes instructions, machine language bit patterns, etc.
Advantage: different implementations of the same architecture
Modern instruction set architectures
IA-32, PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC, ARM, …
CDA3100

20. 11/22/2018
Market
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CDA3100

21. Why This Class Important?
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Why This Class Important?
If you want to create better computers
It introduces necessary concepts, components, and principles for a computer scientist
By understanding the existing systems, you may create better ones
If you want to build software with better performance
If you want to have a good choice of jobs
If you want to be a real computer science major
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CDA3100

22. Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate
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Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate
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CDA3100

23. Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate
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Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate
Source: NACE Fall 2005 Report (
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CDA3100

24. Numbers Numbers are abstraction of quantities
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Numbers
Numbers are abstraction of quantities
How do we represent these quantities?
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CDA3100

25. Decimal Numbering System
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Decimal Numbering System
We humans naturally use a particular numbering system
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CDA3100

26. Decimal Numbering System
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Decimal Numbering System
For any nonnegative integer , its value is given by
Here d0 is the least significant digit and dn is the most significant digit
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CDA3100
CDA3100

27. Decimal Numbering System
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Decimal Numbering System
For any nonnegative integer , its value is given by
val = 0;
While there are more digits,
end
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CDA3100

28. General Numbering System – Base X
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General Numbering System – Base X
Besides 10, we can use other bases as well
In base X, the value of
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CDA3100
CDA3100

29. General Numbering System – Base X
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General Numbering System – Base X
Besides 10, we can use other bases as well
In base X, the value of
val = 0;
While there are more digits,
end
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CDA3100
CDA3100

30. Commonly Used Bases Which one is natural to computers? Why? Base
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Commonly Used Bases
Base
Common Name
Representation
Digits 10
Decimal
5023ten or 5023
0-9 2
Binary
two
0-1 8
Octal
11637eight
0-7 16
Hexadecimal
139Fhex or 0x139F
0-9, A-F
Note that other bases are used as well including 12 and 60
Which one is natural to computers?
Why?
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CDA3100
CDA3100

31. Meaning of a Number Representation
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Meaning of a Number Representation
When we specify a number, we need also to specify the base
For example, 10 presents a different quantity in a different base
There are 10 kinds of mathematicians.
Those who can think binarily and those who can't...
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CDA3100

32. 11/22/2018
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33. Conversion between Representations
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Conversion between Representations
Now we can represent a quantity in different number representations
How can we convert from one representation to another one?
For example, how can we convert a decimal number to binary?
How can we then convert a binary number to a decimal one?
How can we convert between base X1 and base X2?
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CDA3100
CDA3100

34. Conversion Between Bases
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Conversion Between Bases
From binary to decimal example 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
215
214
213
212
211
210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
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CDA3100

35. Conversion Between Bases
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Conversion Between Bases
From octal to decimal
From hexadecimal to decimal
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CDA3100

36. Conversion Between Bases
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Conversion Between Bases
From base X to decimal (base 10)
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CDA3100

37. 11/22/2018
Conversion Program
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CDA3100

38. Conversion from Decimal to Base X
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Conversion from Decimal to Base X
Given 5023ten, what is the representation in the following bases?
Binary?
Hexadecimal?
Octal?
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CDA3100

39. Conversion from Decimal to Base X
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Conversion from Decimal to Base X
We have the following formula
How do we generate d0?
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CDA3100

40. Conversion from Decimal to Base X
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Conversion from Decimal to Base X
We have the following formula
How do we generate d0?
Divide by X, the reminder is d0
How do we generate d1?
Divide the quotient by X again and the reminder is d1
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CDA3100

41. 11/22/2018
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42. Conversion between Two Bases
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Conversion between Two Bases
We can always do the conversion in two steps, from base1 to decimal and from decimal to base2
In some cases, the conversion is straightforward
For example, we often need to convert between a binary number and a hexadecimal number
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CDA3100
CDA3100

43. Number Representations in Computers
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Number Representations in Computers
Binary is the natural choice for computers
Since computers consist of transistors which have two different states
Additionally, for efficiency, we typically use a fixed number of bits
unsigned char
unsigned short
unsigned int
unsigned long
The least significant bit is the rightmost bit while the most significant bit is the leftmost bit
Overflow occurs if a number can not be represented correctly in the given format
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CDA3100
CDA3100

44. Unsigned Formats and Their Ranges
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Unsigned Formats and Their Ranges
Type (C)
Number of bits
Largest number (decimal)
unsigned char 8
255
unsigned short 16
65535
unsigned int 32
4,294,967,295
unsigned long long 64
18,446,744,073,709,551,615
Exact arithmetic ?
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CDA3100
CDA3100