1. The Rise of Fascism & Totalitarianism
Or how did these crazy nutjobs come into power in the first place?

2. What is Fascism? Fascism = a militant political movement
Originated in Italy by Benito Mussolini
Loyalty to the state
Extreme nationalism
Uniforms and salutes
Nations must struggle and fight
No individual rights
Each class had special place
Used religion
Hated Communism

3. Reasons for Rise Economic distress Fear of Communism
Appeal to nationalism
Weak government
No democratic tradition

4. Mussolini and Italy After WWI, Italy was
Mad about no territorial gains
Afraid of a Communist Revolution
Benito Mussolini promised to save economy and rebuild army
Bring back glory of Rome
Mussolini and Black Shirts marched on Rome
Made King hand over power to Mussolini
Took power legally (Sort of…)

5. More Mussolini “Il Duce” = the leader Abolished democracy
Secret police galore
Created a model Fascist State

6. Militaristic Expansion
Desire to create colonial empire
Invaded:
Ethiopia (1935)
Albania (1939)
The League of Nations
Condemned Italy’s actions
but didn’t do anything to stop it.

8. The Rise of the NAZIs National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Swastika for a symbol
Brownshirts = storm troopers (militia, not star wars)
Hitler became der Führer of NAZI party
Attempted coup failed
Lesson learned: Had to take power legally

9. Hitler’s Plans for Germany
Hitler imprisoned for treason
Wrote book Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Germans were master race (called them “Aryans”)
Non Aryans were inferior
Vowed to reverse the Treaty of Versailles
Conquer eastern Europe and Russia
Gain “lebensraum” or “living space”

10. Hitler’s Rise to Power… 100% Legal
During depression, Hitler rose in prestige and prominence
Widespread fear of communism
President appointed Hitler chancellor
Hitler asked for dictatorial powers for 4 years

11. Totalitarian Regime Banned all other political parties
SS (schutzstaffel)- elite military force loyal only to Hitler
Gestapo = secret police
Took control of economy
Propaganda and book burning
Hitler Youth and League of German Girls

12. The German Scapegoat Targeted the Jewish population for failure in WWI
Anti-Semitism already engrained in German (and all European) society
Deprived Jews of their rights
Kristallnacht- “Night of the Broken Glass”
Attack on Jewish owned businesses
A “pogrom”- gov’t sponsored violence against Jews

13. German Expansion- Today Germany Tomorrow the World!
1935- began rebuilding military
1936- took the Rhineland
1938- Anschluss
1938- Munich Conference
Germany, French, and British leaders met to discuss the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
GB & F said G could have Sudetenland if Hitler promised not to invade Czechoslovakia
Policy of appeasement
1939- took Czechoslovakia
1939- invaded Poland, start of WWII

14. Rise of Japanese Militarism
1920’s- struggled with weak Parliamentary system
Depression hit Japan hard
Relied on exports to foreign nations
Drought which led to extreme famine
Government efforts to boost economy
Spent less on the military

15. Right-winged military leaders mad
Throughout the 1930’s a series of militaristic Prime Ministers
Hideki Tojo
Did not want to overthrow political system
Extreme nationalism
Belief in “chosen-ness” of Japanese people
Asia should be dominated by the “superior” Japanese
“Asia for Asians”- anti-European Imperialism
Focused increasingly on Emperor veneration
Belief that Emperor is god on Earth
Emperor had little political power

16. Desire to save economy by foreign expansion
1931- Japan invaded Manchuria
Sought resources
Iron and coal
1937- Japan invaded China

17. Totalitarianism under Stalin
Another crazy leader-but NOT a fascist!

18. Power Struggle When Lenin died, he left no successor
He meant to remove Stalin from power
Trotsky v Stalin
Trotsky
Stalin
Best choice
Horrible ego
Compromises, realistic
Rude and crude
Power hungry and ambitious
Violent and impatient
Malicious

19. Stalin wins dictatorship in 1928
Has support of people
Surrounds himself with other like himself

20. FIVE YEAR PLANS Industrialization- create demand as you create supply
Central government planners set goals
Soviet industry almost catches up to rest of Europe in less than 15 years

22. Collectivization
Individual ownership of an economic resource (farm) replaced by people that work there
Everyone owns a piece
Disastrous effect on food production

23. COLLECTIVE FARMS

24. PURGES Campaign of Terror Stalin removed anyone he saw as a threat
Eventually all of the old Bolsheviks of the Revolution were replaced by “Little Stalins”
Arrests tens of millions and placed them in gulags
9 of 10 generals and 1 of 2 officers imprisoned or exectued
Killed 22 million Soviets

25. Gulag Slave labor camps
MOSTLY IN SIBERIA – MASSIVE PROJECTS BUILT BY SLAVE LABOR

26. THE GULAG “ARCHIPELAGO”

27. DEATH OF STALIN
1953
NO CLEAR SUCCESSION