1. FISSION and FUSION

2. Nuclear Fission
The splitting of a more massive nucleus of an atom into 2 smaller nuclei, subatomic particles and energy (radiation)

3. Nuclear Fission

4. Fission Reaction: n + U  Kr + Ba + 3 n + energy Kr
235 92
141 1 1
n U  Kr Ba n + energy 92 36 56 92 Kr 36
___
235
141 1 1
n U  ____ Ba n + energy 92 56
___

5. Nuclear Fission at Work – CANDU Reactors (Canadian Nuclear Reactors)
Currently about 103 nuclear power plants in the U.S. and about 435 worldwide.
17% of the world’s energy comes from nuclear.

6. Fission Chain Reaction

7. Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.

8. CANDU Reactors and Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous wastes produced by nuclear reactions are problematic.
Most of this waste is buried underground
or stored in concrete.
It will take 20 half-lives (thousands of years)
before the material is safe.
See pages

9. Fission Chain Reaction at work
A fission bomb uses an uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction to release an enormous amount of energy in a small amount of time.
Fission bomb (atomic bomb) is the original one exploded over Japan.
Nuclear Bomb Test (actual footage from 1946)
Atomic Bomb Test

10. Properties Fission Memory Clue What Where Why How Products
Fission sounds like= DIVISION
What
Splitting ONE nucleus into TWO smaller nuclei, subatomic particles and radiation. (Energy)
Where
In nuclear reactors and in the atomic bomb.
Why
Source of massive amounts of energy
How
We split the nucleus by bombarding or shooting it with various particles to cause the already unstable, heavy nucleus to split apart.
Products
Radioactive

11. Nuclear Fusion
The joining (fusing) of 2 smaller, lower mass nuclei together, to make 1 more massive nucleus, and give off energy and subatomic particles too.

12. Nuclear Fusion small nuclei combine 2H + 3H 4He + 1n + 1 1 2 0
Energy
small nuclei combine
2H H He n +
Occurs in the sun

13. Fusion Reaction: H+ H  He + n + energy 3 n + Kr + Ba  + n + energy U2 3 4 1
H H  He n + energy 1 1 2 92
141
235 92 1 1
3 n Kr Ba  n + energy U 36 56

14. Fusion chain reaction at work
thermonuclear weapons (aka hydrogen bombs)
Fusion bombs have two main stages. These are called the "primary" and the "secondary". The primary reaction is a regular fission chain reaction. The radiation from this reaction is used to heat the interior of the bomb to temperatures where a fusion reaction can be sustained. Also, the neutrons produced from the fission reactions are used in the secondary (fusion) part of the reaction. The secondary is composed of lithium-deteuride (deuteride is basically deuterium, which is 2H). The lithium deteuride, under intense heat, splits apart into lithium (6Li) and deuterium ions. The neutrons produced from the primary (fission) reaction react with the 6Li to produce 4He and 3H. This reaction can be expressed in the following equation: 1 neutron + 6Li 4He + 3H 3H + 2H 4He + 1 neutron
A thermonuclear fusion bomb is generally a lot more powerful than a fission bomb. Interestingly, the harmful fall-out from a fusion bomb is generated mostly from the products of the primary (fission) reaction. These are the fission products and the transuranic products, just like in the fall-out of a standard fission bomb.

15. Properties Fusion Memory Clue What Where Why How Products
Fusion= To fuse= comes together
What
The joining (fusing) of TWO smaller, lighter nuclei to make ONE larger, heavier nucleus with the release of subatomic particles and radiation (Energy)
Where
In core of the sun (natural) and in the H (hydrogen) bomb
Why
Source of massive amounts of Energy
How
Nuclei can only fuse under tremendous temperature and pressure,
Achieve this in a hydrogen bomb first by creating a fission reaction.
Products
Not Radioactive