1. Addressing the barriers to improve latrine use in rural India.
Sherin Daniel, World Vision India

2. Presentation Overview:
The problem
Government of India's Swach Bharat Mission-Gramin
Context
Contextual and behavioural aspects of the problem
How do we plan to overcome the problem

3. The Problem India is home to 1.25 billion people
Highest number of people practising open defecation (OD): Nearly 525 million people
OD happens most in rural India: with an estimated at 56 per cent practicing OD
India has 48 million children stunted - about per cent. (OD has a strong correlation with stunting.)

4. OD in India

5. Government of India's Swach Bharat Mission-Gramin
Toilets Built
(since 2nd Oct 2014)
44.94 million
% increase in HHs with Toilet
30.47%
(in )
10.24 million
No. of ODF Districts
211
No. of ODF Villages
2,55,640

6. Context
2015 programme baseline (WV India): Access to latrines in 64 rural area programmes is 23 per cent
2016: WV India undertook community led-total sanitation (CLTS) across 51 area programmes in 17 states, covering 963 villages.
8887 new toilets were built by households post CLTS.
Conducted formative research on barriers to latrine use which include in-depth interviews, focus groups, and latrine observations.
Observations were made with maximum variations from six geographical locations. (Villages with toilet coverage, villages with households of varying caste and wealth status.)

7. Contextual and behavioural aspects of the problem.
Despite CLTS and incentives on latrine construction, open defecation still exists.
Strong habit of OD
Limited or mistimed cues to improve latrine use
Behavioural procrastination
Barriers or Inconveniences. e.g. Design
No immediate reward
Season and limited resource

8. Contextual and behavioural aspects of the problem.
Socialisation during open defecation(especially men)
Cultural rituals surrounding open defecation
Behavioural barriers of ambiguity around pit emptying options
Strong aversion to self-emptying
Overestimation of pit filling rates
Strong belief that a latrine is a limited resource
Used mostly by younger women, with others referring latrine to be used at night, in cases of ill health or emergency

9. Faulty design and construction

10. How do we increase or improve utilization of available latrine facilities?
Breaking the existing habit of open defecation.
Minimizing inconveniences and barriers (Improving latrine design)
Creating appropriate and timed cues
Creating non-monetary rewards
Engage local religious/traditional leaders
Add-ons or modifications to CLTS