1. Agenda Coriolis Flow Meter Theory of Operation Bunkering
Marine Fuel Management
Viscosity
Questions

2. Coriolis Flowmeter Technology
Direct mass measurement is insensitive to fluid properties such as:
Temperature
Pressure
Density
22 °C (40°F) Change
1000L
1027L
The same amount of fluid (1 Tonne) looks like 2.7% (~$18) difference with volumetric measurement
$54,000 difference on a Tonne bunker
1 Tonne
$654
1 Tonne.
$654
Bunkers sold on mass but measured by inferred volume
Source: Bunkerworld, April 28th

3. Theory of Operation The Coriolis effect is an inertia force.
In 1835, Gustave-Gaspard de Coriolis showed that this inertia force must be taken into consideration if the simple Newton’s Law of Motion of bodies are to be used in a rotating frame of reference.
Coriolis Effect: The original path is deflected westward by the rotation of the planet
Gasparde de Coriolis

4. Typical Components of a Coriolis Meter

5. Theory of Operation – Mass Flow
In a Coriolis meter, the inertial force is provided by vibrating the flow tubes. The tube twist or angle of deflection from the vibration plane is measured and converted into a mass flow measurement.
Micro Motion Confidential
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6. Theory of Operation – Mass Flow
Process fluid enters the sensor and flow is split with half the flow through each tube. The sensor flow tubes are vibrated in opposition to each other by energizing a drive coil. Tubes are oscillated at their natural frequency.
Magnet and coil assemblies, called pick-offs, are mounted on the flow tubes. As each coil moves through the uniform magnetic field of the adjacent magnet it creates a voltage in the form of a sine wave.
Micro Motion Confidential
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7. Theory of Operation – Mass Flow
During a no flow condition, there is no Coriolis effect and the sine waves are in phase with each other.
When fluid is moving through the sensor's tubes, Coriolis forces are induced causing the flow tubes to twist in opposition to each other. The time difference between the sine waves is measured and is called Delta-T which is directly proportional to the mass flow rate.

8. Theory of Operation – Mass Flow
The Flow Calibration Factor consists of 10 characters, including two decimal points.
The first five digits are the flow calibration factor. This calibration factor, multiplied by a given Delta-T, yields mass flow rate in grams/sec.
The last three digits are a temperature coefficient for the sensor tube material. This coefficient compensates for the effect of temperature on tube rigidity (% change in rigidity per 100°C).
Three wire platinum RTD measures tube temperature on inlet side of sensor
Accurate to +/- 1.0oC
Available as additional process variable
Applies to liquid and gas, and is linear throughout the entire range of the meter
RTD
Micro Motion Confidential
Page 8

9. Theory of Operation - Density

10. Theory of Operation -Temperature

11. Coriolis Multi-Variable Capability
Three process variables measured independently
Direct Mass
Flow
On-Line
Density
The Coriolis meter also measures temperature.
Temperature

12. Coriolis Technology Multi-Variable Measurement Capability
Density-dependant variables are also available as either;
Standard Curves (Brix, API, HFCS, etc)
Customer-specific Curves (% Mass, % Volume, Alcohol, etc)
Degrees API
Degrees Baume
Degrees Brix
Degrees Plato
% Solids
% Mass
% Black Liquor
Concentration
Specific Gravity
Alcohol
% HFCS
SCFM
Mass Flow
Temperature
Density
Volume Flow
Specific
Gravity
Net Solids
% Solids
By Mass
By Volume

13. Theory of Operation - Volume
Volumetric Flow is a calculated variable.
Volume can be referenced to standard temperature using the temperature input.
Coriolis meters are preferred for volume measurements.
Low pressure drop
Wide turndown
High accuracy
High degree of linearity

14. Coriolis Sensor Geometries
All Geometries are not created equal
Design trade-offs are made for such things as;
Flow sensitivity & turndown
Density accuracy
Fluid S.G. range (gas/liquid)
Materials of construction
Temperature effects
Drainability and Cleanability
Pressure limits

15. Why Coriolis – Volume Measurement
Coriolis meters are unaffected by flow profiles, and provide higher turndown than a typical velocity-based volumetric meters
42 D
6 D
Flow conditioner
Orifice plate, Vortex or Turbine
No straight run
No Reynolds # Limits
No parts to wear out
Limits leak points/fugitive emissions
Lower life cycle costs
Low installed costs

16. Marine Industry Applications
Fuel Bunkering
Engine Fuel Control
Fuel Viscosity
Navy Supply
Platform
Pleasure Cruise
Cargo Ship

17. Benefits of a 1% Measurement Improvement
Bunker fuel represents 50-70% of total ship operating expense
Example: Large container ship-7,750 TEU
Summer 2010 $455/tn*200tn/day*200 days operating = $18.2M
Winter 2011 bunkers $655tn*200tn/day*300 days operating = $39.3M
Next summer ????
What does a 1% measurement improvement mean to you?
Last summer $182K potential savings
Now $393K potential savings
Reduced billing discrepancies
The technology is here today that can benefit suppliers, barge operators and shipping companies 17