Presentation Plus! United States Government: Democracy in Action

Presentation Plus! United States Government: Democracy in Action
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Section 1 Principles of Government
Chapter Focus Section 1 Principles of Government Section 2 The Formation of Governments Section 3 Types of Government Section 4 Economic Theories Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to go to the corresponding content area. Press the ESC (escape) key at any time to exit the presentation. Contents

Chapter Objectives Principles of Government Identify the essential features of a state and describe the theories about the origin of government. (Section 1)  The Formation of Governments Cite similarities and differences between unitary and federal governments. (Section 2)  Types of Government Summarize the relationship between democracy and free enterprise. (Section 3)  Economic Theories Name the ways the United States has modified its free enterprise system. (Section 4) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Focus (1)

Chapter Concepts Section 1 Public Policy 
Section 2 Global Perspectives  Section 3 Cultural Pluralism  Section 4 Free Enterprise Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Focus (2)

Making It Relevant Transparency
The next slide shows a political cartoon that was drawn in reference to the approaching 1992 election. Chapter Focus (3)

Making It Relevant 1 Chapter Focus (4)

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End of Chapter Focus Click the mouse button to return to the Contents. End of Chapter Focus

Principles of Government
Key Terms state, nation, nation-state, consensus, sovereignty, government, social contract  Find Out • What are the four main purposes of government?  • How do various theories explain the origin of government? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 1-1a

Principles of Government
Understanding Concepts Public Policy Which policies of the government make your life better? Which do you think make life worse?  Section Objective Identify the essential features of a state and describe the theories about the origin of government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 1-1b

Introduction While most of us realize that government is necessary, people have asked basic questions about the institution of government for centuries:  What is the proper function of government?  What form of government serves best?  Where or why did government originate? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-2

The State Aristotle, a scholar in ancient Greece, was one of the first students of government. Many terms and concepts of government, such as politics, democracy, and republic, originated in ancient Greece and Rome.  The familiar terms country and state have basically the same meaning.  A state is a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-3

The State (cont.) The United States is one of more than 160 states in the world today.  A nation is any sizable group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and, sometimes, religion.  Often the term nation is used to describe an independent state or country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-4

The State (cont.) A nation-state is a country where the territories of both the nation and the state coincide.  France is an example of a nation-state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-5

Essential Features of a State
States share four essential features:  population  territory  sovereignty  government Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-6

Population The most stable states are those where the population shares a general social and political consensus, or agreement about basic beliefs.  The mobility of the population can also affect the political organization of a state. As population shifts within a country, political power is changed and modified. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

Territory A state has established boundaries, or a territory. Territorial boundaries may change as a result of war, negotiations, or purchase.  The United States’s continental boundaries are the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and recognized borders with Canada and Mexico. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

Sovereignty Political sovereignty, the key characteristic of a state, means that the state has supreme and absolute authority within its territorial boundaries.  In theory, sovereignty means that each state is independent and can determine its own course of action.  In practice, states with great economic strength and military capabilities have more power than other states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-9

Government Government is the institution through which each state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that are binding on all people living within the state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-10

Theories of the Origin of the State
No one knows how or why people created the earliest governments.  Many scholars have constructed theories that attempt to explain the origin of the state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-11

Evolutionary Theory The basis of evolutionary theory is that the state evolved from the family.  An extended family, including hundreds of people, needed more organization. The heads of these extended families became the authority that served as government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-12

Force Theory The force theory says that government emerged when all the people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-13

Divine Right Theory Divine right, which has been important in many civilizations, is the notion that the gods have chosen certain people to rule.  To oppose the monarch was to oppose God and was both treason and sin. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-14

Social Contract Theory
Beginning in the 1600s, Europeans challenged the rule of sovereigns who ruled by divine right.  Thomas Hobbes in England was one of the first to theorize that people had a social contract with their leaders.  Hobbes believed that people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain order, in exchange for protection provided by the state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

Social Contract Theory (cont.)
John Locke took the social contract a step further when he wrote that the people could justly break the social contract when government failed to preserve the natural rights of the people to life, liberty, and property.  When the American colonies revolted against King George III, they declared their independence supported by the political philosophy of natural rights that Locke had written. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-16

The Purposes of Government
Today governments serve several major purposes for the state:  maintaining social order  providing public services  providing for national security and a common defense  providing for and controlling the economic system  In carrying out these tasks, governments must make authoritative decisions that are binding on all citizens of the state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-17

The Purposes of Government (cont.)
Governments derive their authority from two sources–their legitimacy and their ability to use coercive force.  Legitimacy means the willingness of citizens to obey the government. In democratic countries legitimacy is based on the consent of the people.  Coercive force is the power of the police, judicial, and military institutions of government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-18

Maintaining Social Order
According to the social contract theory, people need government to maintain social order because they have not yet discovered a way to live in groups without conflict.  Without government, civilized life would not be possible. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-19

Maintaining Social Order (cont.)
Governments provide ways of resolving conflicts among group members by...  making and enforcing laws.  requiring people to do things like pay taxes and serve in the army.  providing structures such as courts to help people resolve disagreements in an orderly manner.  placing limits on what individuals are permitted to do. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-20

Providing Public Services
Governments provide essential services that make community life possible and promote the general welfare.  These services include building sewer systems, checking the safety of food, and requiring people to pass a driving test. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-21

Providing National Security
A major task of sovereign states is protecting national security against attack by other states or from threats such as terrorism.  The government also handles normal relations with other nations, such as making treaties and enacting trade agreements. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-22

Making Economic Decisions
No country provides its citizens with everything they need or desire. Material scarcity, even in wealthy nations, can lead to conflict and even to revolutions.  For this reason, governments often use their power to reduce the cause of such conflict by intervening in the economic system. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-23

Making Economic Decisions (cont.)
Governments may...  intervene in the economic affairs of other nations in the interest of economic or political stability.  pass the laws that determine and control the economic environment of the nation.  make choices that distribute benefits and public services among citizens.  Governments usually try to stimulate economic growth and stability through controlling inflation, encouraging trade, and regulating natural resource development. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-24

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What are the four main purposes of government? The four main purposes of government are: 1. maintain social order 2. provide national security 3. provide public services 4. make economic decisions Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-Assessment 1

How do various theories explain the origin of government? Governments evolved, emerged under a single authority, were chosen by gods, or were formed through a social contract. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1-Assessment 2

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End of Section 1 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 1

Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
The Formation of Governments Key Terms unitary system, federal system, confederacy, constitution, constitutional government, preamble, constitutional law, politics, industrialized nation, developing nation  Find Out • What are the similarities and differences between a unitary government and a federal government system?  • What are the main purposes of a constitution? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 2-1a

The Formation of Governments Understanding Concepts Global Perspectives The United States Constitution is the oldest written constitution still in use. What does this imply about the stability of governments in the world?  Section Objective Cite similarities and differences between unitary and federal governments. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 2-1b

Introduction To carry out their functions, governments have been organized in a variety of ways.  Most large countries have several different levels of government, including a central or national government, as well as the governments of smaller divisions within the country, such as provinces, states, counties, cities, towns, and villages. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-2

Government Systems The relationship between the national government and the smaller divisions can be described as either unitary or federal. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-3

Unitary System A unitary system of government gives all key powers to the national or central government.  The central government creates state, provincial, or other local governments and gives them limited sovereignty.  Great Britain, Italy, and France are examples of unitary governments. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-4

Federal System A federal system of government divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments.  The United States, Canada, Switzerland, Mexico, Australia, and India developed federal systems. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

Federal System (cont.) The United States began as a confederacy, a loose union of independent states.  When the confederacy failed to provide an effective national government, the Constitution made the national government supreme, while preserving some state government powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-6

Constitutions and Government
A constitution is a plan that provides the rules for government.  What are the major purposes of a constitution?  It sets out ideals that the people bound by the constitution believe in and share.  It establishes the basic structure of government and defines the government’s powers and duties.  It provides the supreme law for the country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

Constitutions and Government (cont.)
In most modern states, constitutions are written.  The United States Constitution, drawn up in 1787, is the oldest written constitution still serving a nation today.  Other nations with written constitutions include France, Kenya, India, Italy, and Switzerland.  Great Britain has an unwritten constitution based on hundreds of years of legislative acts, court decisions, and customs. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

Constitutions and Government (cont.)
A constitutional government has a constitution with authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern. It is a limited government.  The People’s Republic of China has a constitution, but does not have a constitutional government because there are few limits on the power of the government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

Incomplete Guides Constitutions themselves are important but incomplete guides to how a country is actually governed. They are incomplete for two reasons:  No written constitution by itself can possibly spell out all the laws, customs, and ideas that grow up around the document itself.  A constitution does not always reflect the actual practice of government in a country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-10

A Statement of Goals Most constitutions contain a preamble, a statement that sets forth the goals and purposes to be served by the government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

A Framework for Government
The main body of a constitution sets out the plan for government.  In a federal system the constitution describes the relationship between the various levels of government.  Most written constitutions also describe the procedure for amending the constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

A Framework for Government (cont.)
The main body of a constitution is usually divided into parts called articles and sections.  The United States Constitution has 7 articles containing a total of 21 sections. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

The Highest Law Constitutions provide the supreme law for states. A constitution is usually accepted as a superior, morally binding force.  Constitutional law involves the interpretation and application of the constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

Politics and Government
The effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government is called politics.  People are taking part in politics when they join a citizens’ group protesting higher taxes or when they meet with the mayor to ask the city for a service. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

Seeking Government Benefits
Participation in politics arises because people realize that the government has the potential to influence their lives in many ways.  In the United States, there is a continual struggle over what benefits and services government should provide, how much they should cost, and who should pay for them. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-16

Seeking Government Benefits (cont.)
Through politics, people seek to maximize the benefits they get from government while they try to reduce the cost of these benefits.  Through politics, people also seek to use government to turn their values and beliefs into public policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

Importance of Politics
Through politics, conflicts in society are managed peacefully.  The outcomes of politics–the struggle to control government–affect such key matters as the quality of air and water, economic conditions, and peace and war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-18

Special Interests The Framers of the Constitution believed that government should promote the general welfare–the interests of all the people.  In a series of articles called The Federalist, James Madison expressed his belief that a “well-constructed Union” would hinder special-interest groups from sacrificing the common good by using government to further their own purposes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

Special Interests (cont.)
Some people equate politics with bribery or corruption. The misuse of politics should not obscure the value of a political system. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-20

Governing in the Twentieth Century
Changing relationships challenge the policies of every nation.  Defining the boundaries of government is difficult in today’s complex world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-21

Major Inequalities Among States
There are great inequalities among industrialized and developing nations.  Industrialized nations have generally large industries and advanced technology that provide a more comfortable way of life than developing nations do.  The United States, Japan, Canada, and France are among about 20 industrialized nations. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-22

Major Inequalities Among States (cont.)
Developing nations are only beginning to develop industrially. Their per capita, or per person, incomes are a fraction of those of industrialized nations.  Africa south of the Sahara and Southeast Asia have many developing nations.  Between these two levels of development are many newly industrialized states like Mexico, South Korea, and Argentina. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-23

Growing Interdependence
Nations today are becoming more and more interdependent.  Interdependence means that nations must interact or depend on one another, especially economically and politically.  Interdependence affects the developing states. Many have become very dependent on the industrialized ones for economic aid, medical supplies, and services. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-24

Growing Interdependence (cont.)
Growing interdependence means that events in one nation affect events throughout the world. The Persian Gulf War in 1991 was a good example of this.  Travel, trade, and communications among states are increasing. Inventions such as fiber optic telephone cable and satellite television have connected people of every continent. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-25

Nonstate International Groups
Nonstate groups play an important role in international politics and fall into three categories:  political movements such as national liberation organizations  multinational corporations  international organizations  National liberation organizations, such as the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), maintain diplomatic relations with many states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-26

Nonstate International Groups (cont.)
Multinational corporations are huge companies with offices and factories in many countries.  While these corporations have no political sovereignty, they influence international politics.  International organizations such as the United Nations, the International Sugar Council, and the World Meteorological Organization undertake a wide variety of tasks, often to serve the needs of member states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-27

What are the similarities and differences between a unitary government and a federal government system? Both have central or national governments and may have secondary governments. In the unitary system, sovereignty is mostly with the national government, while in a federal system, states and provinces also have some sovereignty. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-Assessment 1

What are the main purposes of a constitution? The main purposes of a constitution are to set out the ideals of government, establish its structure, and provide a supreme law for the country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-Assessment 2

Types of Government Key Terms autocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, republic, political party, free enterprise  Find Out • What are the main characteristics of a democracy?  • Why is free enterprise conducive to the growth and preservation of democracy? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 3-1a

Types of Government Understanding Concepts Cultural Pluralism How does a representative democracy provide a good government for diverse peoples?  Section Objective Summarize the relationship between democracy and free enterprise. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 3-1b

Introduction The United States has established a representative democracy that serves as a model for government and inspires people around the world.  Yet other forms of government outnumber true democracies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-2

Major Types of Government
Governments can be classified in many ways, but the most time-honored system comes from the ideas of Aristotle.  This system is based on a key question: Who governs the state?  Under this system of classification, all governments belong to one of three major groups:  autocracy: rule by one person  oligarchy: rule by a few persons  democracy: rule by many persons Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-3

Autocracy When one person holds the power and authority to rule, it is an autocracy.  Autocracies are the oldest and one of the most common forms of government.  Most autocrats have gained and maintained their power by inheritance or the ruthless use of military or police power.  Several forms of autocracy exist, one of which is absolute or totalitarian dictatorship. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-4

Autocracy (cont.) In a totalitarian dictatorship, the leader’s ideas are glorified, the government seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life, and the people lack the power to limit their rulers.  Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union were totalitarian dictators.  In a monarchy, a king, queen, or emperor exercises the supreme powers of government. A monarch’s position is usually inherited. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

Autocracy (cont.) Absolute monarchs have complete and unlimited power to rule their people.  Although rare, absolute monarchs, such as the king of Saudi Arabia, still exist.  Constitutional monarchs share governmental powers with elected legislatures or serve mainly as the ceremonial leaders of their governments.  Great Britain, Sweden, Japan, and the Netherlands have constitutional monarchs. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

Oligarchy An oligarchy is any system of government in which a small group holds power.  Oligarchies derive their power from wealth, military power, social position, religion, or some combination of these elements.  Both dictatorships and oligarchies sometimes claim they rule for the people, but they usually suppress all political opposition–sometimes ruthlessly. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-7

Democracy A democracy is any system of government in which rule is by the people.  The key idea of a democracy is that the people hold sovereign power.  Abraham Lincoln described democracy as “government of the people, by the people, and for the people.”  There are two forms of democracy–direct and indirect. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

Democracy (cont.) In a direct democracy, the people govern themselves by voting on issues individually as citizens.  Direct democracy exists only in societies where citizens can meet regularly to discuss and decide key issues and problems.  No country today is based on direct democracy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

Democracy (cont.) In an indirect or representative democracy, the people elect representatives and give them the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government.  An assembly of the people’s representatives may be called a council, a legislature, a congress, or a parliament.  Representative democracy is practiced in places such as the United States, where the population is too large to meet regularly in one place. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

Democracy (cont.) In a republic, voters hold sovereign power. Elected representatives who are responsible to the people exercise that power.  To Americans, the terms representative democracy, republic, and constitutional republic mean the same thing: a system of limited government where the people are the ultimate source of governmental power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-11

Characteristics of Democracy
Today some nations misuse the word democracy. For example, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is actually a Communist-led oligarchy.  A true democratic government, as opposed to one that only uses the term democracy in its name, has characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-12

Individual Liberty No individual can be completely free to do anything he or she wants, but democracy works to promote the kind of equality in which all people have equal opportunity to develop their talents to the fullest extent possible. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

Majority Rule with Minority Rights
Democracy also requires that government decisions be based on the decisions made by the majority of voters in a free election.  At the same time, the American concept of democracy includes a concern about the possible tyranny of the majority.  The Constitution helps ensure that the rights of the minority will be protected. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case.
Majority Rule with Minority Rights (cont.) Respect for minority rights can be difficult to maintain. For example, during World War II, the government imprisoned more than 100,000 Japanese Americans in relocation camps because it feared they would be disloyal.  Although this relocation deprived Japanese Americans of their basic liberties, the Supreme Court upheld the program in 1944 in Korematsu v. United States. Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case. Section 3-15

Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case.
Endo v. United States The Supreme Court, however, upheld the rights of Mitsuye Endo in  A native-born citizen, Endo was fired from a California state job in 1942 and sent to a relocation center.  The Supreme Court ruled in Endo v. United States (1944) that detaining a loyal Japanese American citizen was racist and unconstitutional. Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case. Section 3-16

Endo v. United States (cont.)
In 1988 Congress acknowledged the “grave injustice” of the relocation experience and offered payments of $20,000 to those Japanese Americans still living who had been relocated. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-17

Free Elections All genuine democracies have free and open elections. 
Free elections give people the chance to choose their leaders and to voice their opinions on various issues.  They also help ensure that public officials pay attention to the wishes of the people. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

Free Elections (cont.) In a democracy several characteristics mark free elections:  Everyone’s vote carries the same weight, as the phrase “one person, one vote” states.  All candidates have the right to express their views freely, giving voters access to competing ideas.  Citizens are free to help candidates or support issues.  The legal requirements for voting are kept to a minimum.  Citizens may vote freely by secret ballot, without coercion or fear of punishment. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

Competing Political Parties
A political party is a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy.  The Republicans and the Democrats are the two major parties in the United States, but any number of political parties may compete. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-20

Competing Political Parties (cont.)
Rival parties help make elections meaningful by giving voters a choice among candidates and by simplifying and focusing attention on key issues. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-21

The Soil of Democracy Real democracy has been rare in history because it seems to require a special environment.  Democratic government is more likely to succeed in countries that to some degree meet five general criteria that reflect the quality of life of citizens. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-22

Active Citizen Participation
Democracy requires citizens who are willing to participate in civic life.  Participation includes informing themselves about issues, voting, serving on juries, working for candidates, and running for government office. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-23

A Favorable Economy Democracy succeeds more in countries that do not have extremes of wealth and poverty and that have a large middle class.  In order to make independent political decisions, people must have the opportunity to control their economic lives, known in the United States as free enterprise. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-24

Widespread Education Democracy is more likely to succeed in countries with an educated public.  In 1835 Thaddeus Stevens, speaking to the Pennsylvania state legislature in favor of funding public education, said: “[I]t is the duty of government to see that the means of information be diffused to every citizen.” Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-25

Strong Civil Society Democracy needs a civil society, a complex network of voluntary associations, economic groups, religious organizations, and other groups that exist independently of government.  These organizations...  give citizens a way to make their views known.  give citizens a means to take responsibility for protecting their rights.  give everyone a chance to learn about democracy by participating in it. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-26

A Social Consensus A country has social consensus when most of its people accept democratic values such as individual liberty and equality for all.  There must also be general agreement about the purpose and limits of government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-27

What are the main characteristics of a democracy? The main characteristics of a democracy are: 1. individual liberty 2. majority rule with minority rights 3. free elections with secret ballots 4. rival political parties Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 3-Assessment 1

Why is free enterprise conducive to the growth and preservation of democracy? Free enterprise provides a stable economy in which people have enough wealth to meet their needs. The chance to make one’s own economic decisions provides a basis for making independent political decisions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 3-Assessment 2

Economic Theories Key Terms economics, capitalism, free market, laissez-faire, socialism, bourgeoisie, proletariat, communism, command economy  Find Out • In what three ways has the United States modified its free enterprise system?  • According to Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of true communism? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 4-1a

Economic Theories Understanding Concepts Free Enterprise What features of the American economy provide incentive for people to achieve economic goals?  Section Objective Name the ways the United States has modified its free enterprise system. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 4-1b

Introduction Economics can be defined as the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources.  Resources include land, water, minerals, skills, knowledge, and physical capabilities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-2

Introduction (cont.) Because there are never enough resources to produce all the goods and services that people want, people must decide how to use these resources.  Governments generally regulate this economic activity. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-3

The Role of Economic Systems
Although there are many kinds of economic systems, all of them must make three major economic decisions:  What and how much should be produced?  How should goods and services be produced?  Who gets the goods and services that are produced?  Each major type of economic system– capitalism, socialism, and communism– answers these questions differently. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-4

Capitalism Capitalism emphasizes freedom of choice and individual incentive for workers, investors, consumers, and business enterprises.  Pure capitalism has five main characteristics:  private ownership and control of property and economic resources  free enterprise  competition among businesses  freedom of choice  the possibility of profits Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-5

Origins of Capitalism Capitalism developed gradually from the economic and political changes in medieval and early modern Europe over hundreds of years.  Two important ideas at the heart of capitalism are that people could work for economic gain and that wealth should be used aggressively.  By the eighteenth century, Europe had national states, a wealthy middle class, and a new attitude that embraced progress, invention, and the free market. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-6

Origins of Capitalism (cont.)
The free market meant that buyers and sellers were free to make unlimited economic decisions in the marketplace.  Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher and economist, described capitalism in his book The Wealth of Nations.  He believed in laissez-faire economics, or the idea that government should keep its hands off the economy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-7

Origins of Capitalism (cont.)
In a free-enterprise economy, what to produce is determined in the marketplace by the actions of buyers and sellers rather than by the government.  Competition plays a key role in a free-market economy as sellers compete with one another to produce goods and services at reasonable prices. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-8

Free Enterprise in the United States
No nation in the world has a pure capitalist system, but the United States is a leading example of a capitalist system in which the government plays a role.  For the most part, the government’s main economic task has been to preserve the free market. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-9

Governmental Influence
Since the early 1900s, the government has influenced the economy of the United States in several ways. It has...  become the single largest buyer of goods and services in the country.  increasingly regulated the economy. Examples include inspection of food and drugs, regulation of environmental pollution, and control over many banking and investment practices.  set up social programs, such as the Social Security system, to help the millions of Americans who suffered during the Great Depression. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-10

Mixed-Market Economy A mixed-market economy is an economy in which free enterprise is combined with and supported by government decisions in the marketplace.  Even though it is a mixed-market economy, the American economic system is rooted deeply in the idea of individual initiative, and it respects the right of all persons to own private property.  The American system also recognizes that freedom to make economic choices is a part of the freedom of political choice. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-11

Socialism Under socialism, the government… 
owns the basic means of production.  determines the use of resources.  distributes the products and wages.  provides social services such as education, health care, and welfare. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-12

Socialism (cont.) Socialism has three main goals: 
the distribution of wealth and economic opportunity equally among people  society’s control, through its government, of all major decisions about production  public ownership of most land, of factories, and of other means of production Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-13

Socialism (cont.) Socialism began to develop in nineteenth-century Europe as a response to the problems of industrialization.  Many workers’ living and working conditions were miserable.  Some socialists favored violent revolution, while others planned and built socialist communities where workers were supposed to share profits equally. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-14

Democratic Socialism Under democratic socialism, the people have basic human rights and have some control over government officials through free elections and multiparty systems.  However, the government owns the basic means of production and makes most economic decisions.  Opponents of socialism say that it stifles individual initiative, that it has high taxes that hinder economic growth, and that it helps create big government and thus may lead to dictatorship. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-15

Communism Karl Marx ( ), a German thinker and writer, was a socialist who advocated violent revolution.  In The Communist Manifesto (1848) and later in Das Kapital (1867), Marx said that the capitalist system would collapse. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-16

Communism (cont.) He believed that in industrialized nations the population is divided into capitalists, or the bourgeoisie who own the means of production, and workers, or the proletariat, who work to produce the goods.  The bourgeoisie use their economic power to force their will on the workers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-17

Class Struggles Marx interpreted all human history as a class struggle between the workers and the owners of the means of production.  Marx predicted that, as time passed, wealth would be concentrated into the hands of fewer and fewer owners, and the workers would rise in violent revolution.  Thus, socialism would give way to communism, where one class would evolve, property would all be held in common, and there would be no need for government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-18

Communism as a Command Economy
In Communist nations, government planners decide how much to produce, what to produce, and how to distribute the goods and services produced.  This system is called a command economy because decisions are made at the upper levels of government and handed down to managers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-19

Communism as a Command Economy (cont.)
In Communist countries, this means that the state owns all the land, natural resources, industry, banks, and transportation facilities, and controls mass communication.  Although there are different forms of communism, sometimes Communist countries have failed to provide adequate standards of living. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-20

Communism as a Command Economy (cont.)
These governments have had to choose between change and revolt by the people, and many governments are loosening their controls and decentralizing some business decisions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-21

In what three ways has the United States modified its free enterprise system? The government has become the nation’s single largest buyer of goods and services, it has regulated the economy, and it set up the Social Security system and certain public corporations. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 4-Assessment 1

According to Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of true communism? The ultimate goal of communism is for property to be held in common and the end of government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 4-Assessment 2

Why did the thirteen British colonies in America become known as “states”? When they established sovereignty by declaring independence from Great Britain, each state considered itself a country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (1)

What system of government divides power among different levels rather than giving all power to a central government? A federal system divides power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (2)

Describe three kinds of nonstate groups that influence national politics. Political movements, such as national liberation organizations, maintain diplomatic relations with many states. Multinational corporations have offices and factories in many states, carrying out activities on a global scale. International organizations undertake a variety of tasks, often to serve the needs of member states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (3)

Identify two types of monarchs ruling today. Absolute monarchs have unlimited power to rule. Constitutional monarchs share power with elected legislatures or serve as ceremonial heads. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (4)

How is a direct democracy different from a representative democracy? In a direct democracy the people govern themselves by voting on issues individually at meetings that all citizens may attend. In a representative democracy, people elect representatives to govern for them. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (5)

What is the role of government in a laissez-faire economic system? The government avoids interfering except to ensure free competition in the marketplace. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (6)

What are the two classes into which Karl Marx divided all people in industrialized nations? Karl Marx divided the industrialized population into the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (7)

Identify two countries that operate under a form of democratic socialism. Great Britain, Tanzania, and several Scandinavian countries operate under democratic socialism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (8)

Why is widespread educational opportunity necessary for a nation to develop a democratic system? Without education, people do not have the skills and knowledge to make informed, intelligent choices. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (9)

Chapter Bonus Question Why does Delaware call itself the First State? It was the first state to ratify the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Bonus

End of Chapter Assessment
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Chapter Assessment

Goto Contents

Use the MindJogger videoquiz as a preview, review, or both.
Click the Videodisc button to play the MindJogger video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 1 Click the Videodisc button to play the MindJogger video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. MindJogger

Click a blue hyperlink to select an ABCNews Interactive video segment.
Powers of the President Political Party System Powers of the Congress Click a blue hyperlink to select an ABCNews Interactive video segment. ABCNews 1

Powers of the President
Political Party System This segment explores the role of political parties in the election of a president. Click the Videodisc button to play the ABCNews InterActive™ video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Side 1 Chapter 7 Click the Videodisc button to play the video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. ABCNews 2

Political Party System
Powers of the Congress Political Party System This segment explores the United States political party system. Click the Videodisc button to play the ABCNews InterActive™ video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Side 2 Chapter 17 Click the Videodisc button to play the video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. ABCNews 3

People and Government Around the world, people live under a variety of governments. Are governments necessary? How well do governments serve people? The Chapter 1 video lesson Government and Our Lives will give you a better understanding of the foundations of government and their impact on your life. Click the forward button or press the space bar to access the Democracy In Action preview and activities. Important 1

Government and Our Lives
Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 1 Click the Videodisc button anytime throughout this section to play the complete video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. Click the Forward button to view the discussion questions and other related slides. Click inside this box to play the preview. Important 2

Government and Our Lives
Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 1 Objectives Understand that government provides a wide variety of goods and services.  Recognize that individuals disagree on the types and extent of goods and services they expect government to provide.  Identify the Constitution as both the product of conflict over government provisions of goods and services and the provider of basic mechanisms by which we handle future conflicts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Important 3

Government and Our Lives Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 1 Activity What types of conflict were outlined in the video? 1. Differing perspectives over what government should provide 2. State versus federal government 3. Protecting individual rights versus the stability of government 4. Rights of a group versus lives of other citizens Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Important 4

Government and Our Lives Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 1 Activity What is the importance of the Constitution in the conflict over the goods and services government provides? The Constitution serves as the “rule book,” establishing the procedures for settling conflicts over the extent and nature of government activity. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Important 5

End of Why It’s Important
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents. End of Why It’s Important

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the United States Government: Democracy in Action Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to gov.glencoe.com Government Online

Section Focus Transparency 1
Section Focus Transparency 1-1 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 1

Section Focus Transparency 1 (Answers)
1. Burke felt that individual liberty and the state could not coexist; where one began, the other ended. 2. Lippmann was not in favor of big government. He favored a government that did the least possible, yet provided the most. 3. Yes; they both felt that government or the state should provide for the wants of the people. Section Focus Transparency 1-1 (2 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 1 (Answers)

1. OAS and NAFTA 2. Interpol, the UN, and the World Trade Organization 3. Possible responses include OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), the EU (European Union), the Arab League, or the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). Section Focus Transparency 1-2 (2 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 2 (Answers)

1. representative democracy 2. oligarchy 3. No; because some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, are democracies where the monarch’s powers are limited. Section Focus Transparency 1-3 (2 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 3 (Answers)

1. capitalism with mixed-market economy 2. socialism and communism 3. capitalism Section Focus Transparency 1-4 (2 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 4 (Answers)

The Chinese conducted censuses as early as 3000 B. C. for tax purposes
The Chinese conducted censuses as early as 3000 B.C. for tax purposes. In ancient Rome, census takers listed people and property for purposes of taxation and military service. DYK 1

After the Constitution was ratified, a member of the House of Representatives reacted to the job ahead–launching the new government–by exclaiming, “We are in a wilderness!” DYK 2

Nationalism Nationalism fosters both unity and dissension. Slavic groups wanting their own nation-states created political unrest in Eastern Europe in the 1800s. After World War I, Slavic peoples were unified to form Yugoslavia. In fact, until 1929, Yugoslavia was called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. In the 1990s, however, nationalism undermined this state. What was once the nation of Yugoslavia has been divided into the current-day nations of Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Croatia. LPP 1

The First Flag There was a Betsy Ross (full name Elizabeth Griscom Ross Ashburn Claypoole), and she was a seamstress who lived in Philadelphia at the time of the American Revolution. No one knows who actually sewed the first Stars and Stripes, though. The legend that Betsy Ross did, at George Washington’s request, was started by her grandson William Canby. He was only eleven when his grandmother died in 1836 at age 84. Historians think Canby may have embellished a true story he heard as a child about a pennant Betsy Ross sewed for the Pennsylvania navy in 1777. SOW 1

Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.
Endo v. United States (1944) This case arose out of the forced relocation and indefinite detainment of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast during World War II when the nation of Japan was an enemy of the United States. The case began when a citizen of Japanese descent, whose loyalty to the United States was never in doubt, asked to be released from a relocation camp. In this case the Supreme Court held that the federal government has no constitutional basis to detain a loyal citizen. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes. Endo v. US

Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.
Korematsu v. United States (1944) This decision upheld the federal government’s authority to exclude Japanese Americans, many of whom were citizens, from designated military areas that included almost the entire West Coast. The government defended the so-called exclusion orders as a necessary response to Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, which widened World War II from a war against Germany to one against Japan as well. However, in upholding the exclusion orders, the Supreme Court established that courts will subject government actions that discriminate on the basis of race to the most exacting scrutiny, often referred to as strict scrutiny. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes. Korematsu v. US

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