1.  The transfer of genetic information from one genome to another.
Horizontal
gene transfer 
The transfer of genetic information from one genome to another.

2. Conjugation = transfer of DNA from one organism to another by means of a plasmid.

3. Transformation = uptake of free DNA from the environment.

4. Transduction = transfer of DNA from one organism to another by a bacteriophage.

5. Retrotransduction?

6. An organism into which genetic information from a different organism has been incorporated as a stable part of its genome is a transgenic organism.
green fluorescent
protein (GFP)
Aeqorea victoria
ANDi

7. Orthology
Paralogy
Xenology

8. Horizontal gene transfer is suspected when there is a discrepancy between gene phylogeny and species phylogeny, in particular when the tree reflects geographical proximity rather than phylogenetic affinity.

9. Patchy phylogenetic distribution
Aedes aegypti

10. SOD = superoxide dismutase
cyanobacteria
+ chloroplast
(Fe-SOD)
nucleus
cytoplasm
(CuZn-SOD)
bacteria +
mitochondria
(Mn-SOD)
SOD = superoxide dismutase

11. Photobacterium leiognathi
Leiognathus daura
Photobacterium leiognathi
(CuZnSOD)

13. Crown Gall Disease

14. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

15. Plant Gene

17. P elements Margaret Kidwell
&
hybrid dysgenesis
Margaret
Kidwell

18. P elements were not found in any D
P elements were not found in any D. melanogaster strains collected before 1950, and collections made subsequently showed increasing frequencies of P with decreasing age.
North and South America
Europe, Africa, Middle East
Australia, Far East

19. Two hypotheses:
1. Most D. melanogaster strains in nature carry P elements, but they tend to lose them in the laboratory.
2. P elements were recently introduced into D. melanogaster populations in nature.

20. The recent acquisition hypothesis is supported by:
1. P strains that have been monitored in the lab for ~15 y were never observed to lose P.
2. There is a geographical cline in the temporal appearance of P in nature.
3. There is evidence for horizontal gene transfer.

22. Species tree
P-element tree

23. P element
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila willistoni

25. Proctolaelaps
regalis

26. Conditions for horizontal P-element transfer:
two Drosophila females from the donor and the recipient species must lay eggs in proximity to one another
(2) the recipient egg must be less than 3 hours old (< 512 cells)
(3) the germline of the recipient embryo must incorporate a complete copy of P
(4) the receiving embryo must survive the biting injuries
Marilyn A. Houck

27. type-C virogene

30. Informational genes:. Genes involved in. replication, transcription,
Informational genes: Genes involved in replication, transcription, reverse transcription, and translation.
Operational genes:
All others.

31. The complexity hypothesis
informational
operational

32. Genes move within the genome and between genomes.
Genetic “Mutatis mutandis.”

33. Promiscuous
DNA

34. Einat Hazkani-Covo et al.
Mitochondrial-sequence invasions into the nuclear genome

35. Numts* (nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences) are a type of promiscuous DNA, i.e., nuclear sequences of mitochondrial origin.
*pronounced “new mights”

36. The transfer of functional genes from the mitochondria to the nucleus is thought to have has stopped in evolution after the emergence of animals (~1,000 MYA).

37. The reason is thought to be the differences between the nuclear and mitochondrial genetic codes.

38. Numts have been found so far in 83 eukaryote species.
The transfer of nonfunctional pieces of mitochondrial genetic information continues to this day.
Numts have been found so far in 83 eukaryote species.

39. Most species whose genomes have been completely sequenced contain very few numts.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 17 numts
Caenorhabditis elegans numts
Drosophila melanogaster 3 numts
Plasmodium falciparum numts

40. ~0.02% of the nuclear genome
In the human genome we find ~1,000 numts
total length = 831 Kb
~0.02% of the nuclear genome

41. Numts: Evolution’s misplaced witnesses

43. Junk DNA
Domestic
Imported