1. Articles of Confederation thru the Adams Presidency
APUSH REVIEW SESSION #4
Tuesday 4/5/2016
Articles of Confederation thru the Adams Presidency
(Roughly chapters 9-10)

2. The Articles of Confederation
Map: State Claims to Western Lands
The Articles of Confederation created a loose union of autonomous states.
Congress had limited central power, reserving powers such as taxation to the states.
Maryland held up ratification for three years until the eight states with western land claims ceded them to the national government.

3. Success of the Confederation
Governed the nation during the Revolution
Negotiated the Treaty of Paris
Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785
Passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

4. Failures of the Articles of Confederation
Lacked the power to enforce laws
Lacked power to levy taxes
Lacked power to regulate trade among states
Required all 13 states to approve changes in the Articles

5. The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an ordered system of survey (revised by
the Northwest Ordinance of 1787), diving the land into townships and sections.
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6. Shays Rebellion
The people rose up in defense of their property and state and federal governments were forced to reevaluate the distribution of power.
In 1786, Shays’ Rebellion broke out in western Massachusetts when farmers closed down courts to prevent debt executions.
A militia from eastern Massachusetts crushed the rebellion.
Conservatives concluded it was time “to clip the wings of a mad democracy.”

7. Shays Rebellion Monument

8. Virginia and New Jersey Plan
Virginia Plan for larger states
Bicameral legislation
Membership to the legislature determined by population
Three Branches of Government
Legislature
Executive
Judicial
New Jersey Plan
Unicameral legislation
Every state has equal membership in legislation

9. The Constitutional Convention
Conflicts arose between large and small states, and free and slave states.
The Great Compromise provided a middle ground for agreement by:
a bicameral legislature that had one house based on population and one representing all states equally (2 senators from every state); and
a compromise on free-state and slave-state interests by agreeing to count five slaves as three freemen.
Three-Fifths Compromise
To insulate the election of the president from the popular vote, a electoral college was created to select a president.
Refer to photo of George Washington presiding over the Constitutional Convention.
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10. Three-Fifths Compromise
Electoral College
States would have electors who would have ultimate vote on the president
Number of electors are determined by the combination of Senate members and House of Representative members
FL has 2 senators and 25 Representatives= 27 electoral votes
For population and tax purposes slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person
This meant that the white voting Southerner’s vote was larger than their non-slaveholding counterparts states in the North
more representatives per white man in South

11. Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Supported removing some powers from the states and giving more powers to the national government
Favored dividing powers among different branches of government
Proposed a single person to lead the executive branch
Wanted important political powers to remain with the states
Wanted the legislative branch to have more power than the executive
Feared that a strong executive might become a king or tyrant
Believed a bill of rights needed to be added to the Constitution to protect people’s rights

12. The Bill of Rights
Several states including Virginia, agreed to ratification only if a bill of rights would be added.
The first ten amendments, better known as the Bill of Rights to the Constitution served to restrain the growth of governmental power over citizens.
Freedom of Religion, Press, Assembly
Right to bear arms
Right against illegal search and seizure
Right against self-incrimination
Right of due process, etc.

13. The Washington Presidency
George Washington preferred to have a plain republican title and dressed in plain republican broadcloth.
Congress established the Departments of States, Treasury, War, and Justice, the heads of which coalesced into the Cabinet.
Sec of State- Thomas Jefferson
Sec of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton
Sec of War- Henry Knox
Refer to photo of George Washington coin.
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14. An Active Federal Judiciary
The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court system.
States maintained their individual bodies of law.
Federal courts became the appeals bodies, establishing the federal system of judicial review of state legislation.
Locals supported the Eleventh Amendment that prevented states from being sued by non-citizens.
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15. Hamilton’s Controversial Fiscal Program
In 1790, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton submitted a series of financial proposals to address America’s economic problems including:
a controversial credit program that passed when a compromise located the nation’s capital on the Potomac River
creating a Bank of the United States that opponents considered an unconstitutional expansion of power
a protective tariff to develop an industrial economy
The debate of Hamilton’s loose construction and Jefferson’s strict construction strained the Federalist coalition.
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16. The Beginnings of Foreign Policy
Foreign affairs further strained Federalist coalition.
Americans initially welcomed the French Revolution, but when the Revolution turned violent and war broke out with Britain, public opinion divided.
Though both sides advocated neutrality, Hamilton favored closer ties with Britain while Jefferson feared them.
The “Citizen Genet” incident led Washington to issue a neutrality proclamation that outraged Jefferson’s supporters.
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17. Domestic and International Crisis
By 1794, the government faced a crisis over western policy.
Western farmers were refusing to pay the whiskey tax. Taxed small farmers unfairly.
An army sent into western Pennsylvania ended the Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington led an army and squashed the Rebellion creating the precedent that violence to change the law will not be permitted, rather law must be changed through constitutional means
General Anthony Wayne defeated the Ohio Indians, leading to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 and the cession of huge amounts of land by the Ohio Indians.
Refer to photo of General George Washington reviewing the Western Army.

18. Washington’s Farewell Address
In his farewell address, Washington summed up American foreign policy goals as:
peace;
commercial relations;
friendship with all nations; and
no entangling alliances.
No political parties
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19. Democratic-Republicans
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Strong National Government
Fear of mob rule
Loose Construction (interpretation) of the Constitution
Favored National Bank
Economy Based on manufacturing and shipping
Favored Great Britain
Limited National Government
Fear of rule by one person or a powerful few
Strict Construction (interpretation) of the Constitution
Economy based on Farming
Favored France
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20. The Adams Presidency
Relations with France deteriorated after Jay’s Treaty.
When France began seizing American shipping, the nation was on the brink of war.
The X, Y, Z Affair made Adams’s popularity soar.
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21. In this contemporary cartoon, Congressional Pugilists, Congress Hall in Philadelphia, February 15, 1798, Roger Griswold, a Connecticut Federalist, uses his cane to attack Matthew Lyon, a Vermont Democratic Republican, who retaliates with fire tongs.
SOURCE: Collection of The New York Historical Society, Neg. #33995.
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22. The Alien and Sedition Acts
The Federalists pushed through the Alien and Sedition Acts that:
severely limited freedoms of speech and of the press; and
threatened the liberty of foreigners.
Republicans organized as an opposition party.
Federalists saw opposition to the administration as opposition to the state and prosecuted leading Republican newspaper editors.
Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Refer to photo of Congressional Pugilists.
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23. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Drafted by Madison and Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts
These resolutions said that states had the right to nullify Federal Laws if the states deemed them unconstitutional
This was a states rights vs federal government power argument

24. The Revolution of 1800 Map: The Election of 1800
In the election of 1800, the Federalists waged a defensive struggle calling for strong central government and good order.
By controlling the South and the West, Jefferson won the election.
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25. Major Themes
The Articles of Confederation was loose alliance of states with a weak central government
Because of the weakness of the central government, the US Constitution was created that gave the Federal government More Power
The first President was Washington who faced domestic problems of the Whiskey Rebellion and international problems from France but maintained neutrality
Adams Presidency saw problems with France through the Quasi War and the XYZ Affair and domestic problems from the passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts and the response of the VA and KY Resolutions