1. Agenda 2/2 and 2/5 Respiratory System Notes
Lung Cancer and Emphysema project
Homework:
1. WB Section #187, 188, 189, 190
2. Fix IA (hard deadline is Tuesday)
Turn in: Video Notes

2. Overview of Respiratory System
Lungs work with heart and blood vessels to ensure the body cells are properly supplied with oxygen, and that carbon dioxide is able to leave our body as waste
Ventilation is the process of filling our lungs with air and then expelling that air
Air sacs (alveoli) is where gas exchange occurs
Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells, carbon dioxide diffuses out

3. Ventilation Lung tissue is not a muscle
Muscles surrounding the lungs contract to allow you to breath
Diaphragm, muscles in your abdomen, intercostal muscles (around ribs)
Breathing is based on an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
An increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure
A decrease in volume leads to a increase in pressure

4. Anatomy

5. Inspiration (Breathing In)
1. Diaphragm contracts, abdominal muscles raise rib cage Volume increases in thoracic cavity
2. Increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure
3. The lung tissue increases its volume since there is less pressure ‘pushing them down’
4. Air comes in through your mouth or nasal passages and fills the lungs… the air fills the alveoli

6. Gas Exchange in Alveoli
Path of air: Trachea right and left primary bronchi  smaller branches of bronchi  very small branches called bronchioles  air sacs (called alveoli) There are about 300 million alveoli in your lungs Each is surrounded by a capillary bed

7. Gas Exchange in Alveoli
Blood brought to the lungs is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide
When blood passes by alveoli, the oxygen will diffuse into the blood cell and carbon dioxide will diffuse out
Concentration gradient ensures these molecules move the ‘right direction’

8. Cells in Alveoli
Type 1 Pneumocytes: Very thin with a large surface area, making it the spot of diffusion
Cannot be replaced by mitosis
Type 2 Pneumocytes: Little surface area, produces a solution that acts as a surfactant
Prevents the sides of the alveoli from sticking to each other
Can be replaced by mitosis

9. Alveoli Diagrams

10. Sketch Diagram

11. Emphysema Disease where alveoli are slowly destroyed
Leading cause is smoking
Other known causes: marijuana smoke, fumes from manufacturing plants, coal dust, air pollution
Known as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Turns alveoli into irregular shapes with holes, so gas exchange in less effective

12. Lung Cancer Cancerous growth that beings in the lungs
Known to metastasize (spread) to brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands
Cancerous growth replaces healthy lung tissue
Caused by carcinogens
Carcinogens are substances that cause cells to mutation and turn into a cancerous cell
Example: cigarette smoke

13. Lung Diseases Project
You will create an artifact that summarizes information known about emphysema and lung cancer. You can decide what you will create, but it needs to include the following:
Symptoms of both diseases
Treatments of both diseases
Prevalence throughout time (more common today, less common today?)
An explanation for the change in prevalence over time
Diagrams and pictures that compare healthy lung tissue to diseases
A description of how the disease affects gas exchange
The social consequences of these two diseases
At least 6 academic sources