1. Dicotyledonous Families
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Lamiaceae
Syed Abdullah Gilani

2. Fabaceae Leguminosae, largest family, 17,000 species
Legume, Pea or bean family
Vegetables (Beans, Peas), ornamental trees (Bauhinia, Flamboyant, Cassia), fodder crops (Clover, Lucerne) and weeds (Vetches and Trefoils)
Glycine max (soybean), Pisum sativum (pea), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Arachis hypogaea (peanuts)
Distribution is worldwide
Three sub-families
Mimosoideae
Caesalpinoideae
Faboideae

3. Taxonomic Description
Vegetative Characters
Habit: Herbs, shrubs, trees
Roots: contain host bacteria (rhizobia) in the swollen structures of roots (nodules). Symbiotic relationship. Bacteria are involved in nitrogen fixation. They take nitrogen gas out of the air and convert it to form a nitrogen, used by the host plant (NO3-, NH3).
Leaves: alternate, pinnate, compound, stipulate (leafy in pea, thorny in Robinia, or inconspicuous), sometimes leaflets evolved into tendrils (Vicia, Pisum, Lathyrus), leaf margins entire or rarely serrate

4. Floral characters
Flowers: bisexual (hermaphrodite), hypogynous or perigynous
Calyx: Sepals five, fused,
Corolla: Petals five, free
Androecium: Stamens ten, 9 are fused together and one is separate known as Diadelphous.
Gynoecium: Carpel is single, ovary is single and superior
Fruits: Legume (pod) which is simple dry fruit that dehisce at two sides. Ovules 2 to many.

5. Caesalpinoideae
Flowers are often zygomorphic (Cercis), or rarely actinomorphic (Bauhinia), Upper petal is innermost one
Cassia, Bauhinia, Cercis, Caesalpinia
Mimosoideae
Flowers are actinomorphic, globose inflorescence, with small petals, stamens may be more than ten.
Acacia, Albizia, Mimosa, Prosopis

6. Faboideae
Flowers are zygomorphic
Upper petal is outermost one, larger posterior one is called Standard or Vexillum,
two flanking petals are known as Wings or Alae, and
the two boat shaped are known as Keel or Carinae. Keel or Carinae enclose the androecium and gynoecium

8. Floral diagram of Fabaceae

9. Flowering kudzu is a fast-growing legume with a grapelike odor.

10. Smithia conferta

11. Legume of Vicia angustifolia

12. Desmodium gangeticum

13. Indigofera gerardiana

14. Caesalpinoideae Cassia italica (Miller) Sprengl
ashriq, ishriq/leaves and seeds
constipation; stomach cramps
powdered leaves and seeds mixed with thyme, lemon and sugar, boiled in water, the mixture filtered and filtrate taken orally once a week

15. Fabaceae Medicinal Plants
Tephrosia apollinea (Delile) Link
Dhafra/leaves; root
bronchitis; cough; earache; wounds and bone fracture
Ground leaves applied to the nose and inhaled to relieve nasal congestion; leaves boiled with water which is then used as eardrops; powdered leaves applied on wounds or heated with water to make a paste which is then applied to bone fractures
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
helba/ entire plant
Abdominal colic; bronchitis; cough/stem, leaves and root, dried and powdered, mixed with water and taken as a drink to relieve colic; seeds boiled in water with dried figs and dates, the mixture then taken as a drink for bronchitis and soothing coughs

16. Mimosoideae Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne salam/wood Paralysis
wood burnt, and the smoke placed under the affected limb
Acacia gerardii Benth.
Karat
Resin; pods/
Sore gums; loose teeth; burns; fever
resin applied to burns; gum chewed for toothache; pods powdered and used as a coolant for fevers

17. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd.
Karat/ resin; leaves
cataract; diarrhoea
resin mixed with egg white, applied in the eye; leaves eaten to relieve diarrhoea/
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce
Ghaf/leaves; pods; bark
cataract; dyspepsia; earache; toothache; pain relief from fractured bone
juice of leaves mixed with salt, used as eyedrops; fresh leaves, ground, mixed with lemon juice, taken orally for dyspepsia; extract of crushed pods used as eardrops; chewing leaves for toothache, also to strengthen teeth; bark burnt and the ashes mixed with water, applied to the site of pain in fractures

18. Medicago sativa L.
qat, jat
Leaves
Nose bleed
fresh leaves applied to the nose till bleeding stops

19. Asteraceae

20. Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) The Largest Plant Family On Earth

21. Capitulum: Inflorescence of The Sunflower Family

22. Flower heads minute in fleabane (Conyza floribunda) less than 3 mm in diameter,
to the massive seed-bearing heads of the giant sunflower (Helianthus annus).

23. Magnified view of the floral head of Hesperevax sparsiflora var
Magnified view of the floral head of Hesperevax sparsiflora var. sparsiflora showing 5 minute disk flowers surrounded by hairy bracts. The tiny head is only 3.8 mm in diameter.

24. Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera)
Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera). The flowers of boneseed are unusual among sunflowers because the ray flower ovaries develop into an enlarged berrylike fruit, each containing a very hard, bony seed.

25. Medicinal Values Carthamus tinctorius L. Shawrina/entire plant
conjunctivitis
extract of plant mixed with salt, applied to the eye with a clean cloth
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth.
huwwa/leaves
colic and constipation; conjunctivitis/
dried powdered leaves mixed with water, taken orally for colic; extract of fresh leaves mixed with Euphorbia helioscopia, myrrh and Aloe sp. (Saqal), used as eyedrops

26. Lamiaceae
Labiateae
Mint family, aromatic, lavender, mint (peppermint, spearmint), rosemary, basil, sage, and thyme
Stem: mostly quadrangular
Leaves: opposite, each pair at right angle to the previous one (called decussate) or whorled. Oblong to lanceleoate, margins serrate

27. Flowers:. Bisexual, verticellaster (look like whorled
Flowers: Bisexual, verticellaster (look like whorled but consists of two clusters)
Calyx: five sepals, fused
Corolla: Two lipped (bilabiate) with four subequal lobes, the upper lobe usually the largest
Androecium: Stamens four, didynamous (one pair longer than the other).
Gynoecium: Carpel 2, fused, 4 locules with false septa
Fruits: Dry capsule, drupes, or one-seeded nutlets, one to four seeds, ovary superior

28. Floral diagram of Lamiaceae

29. Plants of the Mint Family Notice the square stems and opposite leaves.

33. Medicinal Values Ocimum basilicum L. Rehan/leaves; seeds
cataract; colds; diarrhoea/ground leaves mixed with pods of Prosopis cineraria (Ghaf) and lemon juice,
used as eye drops; crushed seeds, with water, taken as a drink for colds; seeds boiled in water and taken as a drink for diarrhoea
Teucrium mascatense Boiss.
ja'ada/leaves
colic; stomach pain; fever/leaves boiled in water or rose water for a long time, solution cooled and taken as a drink for stomachache and colic; for fever, dried leaves burnt and smoke placed under bed cover

34. Monocotyledonous Families
Poaceae
Orchidaceae

35. Poaceae Gramineae, grass family 700 genera and 10, 000 monocot species
Triticum aestivum ( wheat), Oryza sativa (rice) Zea mays (corn), Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum)

36. Habit:. tufted, perennial herbs, rhizomatous or
Habit: tufted, perennial herbs, rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials and some 'woody' types (bamboo)
Roots: adventitious (arise from stem)
Stem: hollow (culms) with hard internodes (nodes)
Leaves: alternate, distichous (in one plane) or spiral, parallel veins. Leaf sheath encloses the stem and leaf blade free, ligules present , margins entire

37. Flowers
bisexual or unisexual, corn – unisexual, wind pollinated, spikelets (one or more than more than one florets). A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets.
A floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts called the lemma (the external one) and the palea (the internal).
Perianth: reduced to 2 scales (lodicules, modified sepals)

38. Androecium: Anthers with long filaments,
Gynoecium:
Fruits: single-seeded caryopsis---a grain with single, prominent cotyledon called a scutellum (the fruit has a hard pericarp, which is fastened to the embryo all the way around, e.g. corn and rice)

39. The Grass Family (Poaceae or Gramineae) Grass plant structure

40. base leaf structures

41. Leaves of Poa trivialis showing the ligules

42. BambooKyoto

43. Avena fatua var. sativa - inflorescence

44. Avena fatua var. sativa - spikelet

45. compound spikelet

46. Lolium perenne - spikelet

47. Phyllostachys nigra _folium_Blak_stem

48. Sugar_cane_ Saccharum officinarum

49. -Bamboo-yellow_stem_ Phyllostachys aurea

50. Grass flower with vestigial perianth or lodicules

52. Wheat spikelet (Triticum aestivum)

53. Wheat spikelet (Triticum aestivum) with glumes, lemma and palea opened to show the caryopsis, dried while unripe.

54. Grass flowers

55. Setaria verticillata

56. Setaria verticillata Tragus roxburghii

57. Chasmanthium latifolium-spikelet Bamboo stem and leaves, nodes are evident

58. Illustration depicting both staminate and pistillate flowers of maize (Zea mays)

59. Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)

60. Floral diagram of Poaceae

61. The Orchid family (Orchidaceae)

62. Orchidaceae The orchid family
monocots; the largest family of plants; species estimates range between 20,000 and 38,000 species
Ornamental plants
herbaceous plants; or epiphytes
most orchid flowers are bilaterally symmetrical
flowers have three or fewer of each type of modified leaf
Petals are typically in groups of three
Petals are large and showy, usually with two lateral petals flanking a central, flask-shaped petal with a large lip that accommodates pollinators

63. Flowers have typically one or two stamens
Paired anthers frequently detach from the plant as free structures called pollinia
The fruit is a capsule, dehiscent by three or six longitudinal slits, while remains closed at both ends.
Seeds have no endosperm 

65. Parts of a flower of Dactylorhiza sambucina 1= Tepals 2= Gynostemium
Parts of a flower of Dactylorhiza sambucina 1= Tepals 2= Gynostemium. Also called column. 3= Anther. Each of the two parts contain (up-down) a pollinium, caudicula and viscidium 4= Staminode. Sterile stamen. One can be seen on the other side of the column. 5= Rostellum. A membrane, involved in the prevention of self-pollination 6= Labellum. Modified tepal. 7= Ovary of another flower. The typical torsion of orchids can be seen. 8= ' 9= Style

66. Floral diagram of Orchidaceae

67. Phalaenopsis lindenii toapel

68. Corallorhiza maculata Cephalanthera longifolia plant

69. Leaves of different species of orchids

70. Cypripedium acaule has two stamens
Cypripedium acaule has two stamens. One can be seen from the picture, the other is on the other side

71. Catasetum fimbriatum The seta is evident Habenaria radiata Note the lip

72. Cattleya aclandiae There is the typical zygomorphic flower with three petal-like sepals (top, lower right, lower left), two normal petals on either side and the labellum.

73. Cross-section of an orchid capsule

74. ASSIGNMENT Traditional Medicinal Uses of Plants in Oman
Last Date: 15th December 2012
Plant Arabic Name
Plant Parts used
Which city or village or in general Oman?
How the herb is used, individually or mixed with other materials or plants?
RECIPE how the herbal medicine is prepared