1. Agricultural Development and Early Agricultural Communities
Growth of Towns and Cities (c B.C.E.)
Jericho on the Jordan River
Catal Huyuk in southern Turkey
Both relied on trade to supplement agricultural base

2. Agricultural Development and Early Agricultural Communities
Jericho
round houses of mud and brick surrounded by a ditch and wall
Traded salt, sulfur, semi-precious stones, obsidian stone
Çatal Hüyük
houses were joined together; able to barricade door from invaders
Traded flint, obsidian, and jewelry
They were not cities BUT their organization and lifestyle of inhabitants foreshadow the development of great cities and civilizations in the 4th Millennium B.C.E.

3. Agricultural Development and Early Agricultural Communities
Notice the different purposes of the rooms and entrances to the town and rooms.

4. Çatal Hüyük In what is today Turkey
Population of between 5,000 and 6,000 people
Inhabited around B.C.
Houses packed together
Each house was entered through a hole in the roof
What would be the purpose of putting a door on a roof?
Could it be for the purposes of defense?

5. Let’s read about Jericho and Çatal Hüyük… Once you have finished reading, compare and contrast these two early communities. You will see a Venn Diagram in your notes.

6. Now let’s take a look at migrations…

7. Technological and Environmental Transformations (8000 to 600 B.C.E)
With movement, people spread their cultures to new areas: a process called cultural diffusion.
Innovations, technology, religion, language, food, clothing, and disease
Also, as human interaction increases, disease spread more rapidly. Examples:
The 14th century plagues (The Black Death)
Smallpox to the New World

8. Technological and Environmental Transformations (8000 to 600 B.C.E)
Migrations are permanent moves
local, regional, and global
Usually economic reasons
Push Factor encourages people to move from the region they live in: Why?
Persecution based on religion, race, nationality, or political opinions
Pull Factor attracts people to a new region
Better jobs
Democratic governments
Environmental Factors influence migrations
Intervening factors halt migration

9. Now, let’s take a look…
On the next few slides, you will see maps that show the routes of human migration and the diffusion of languages over thousands of years. Take a look. What patterns do you see?

12. Indo-European Migrations

13. Indo-European Languages

14. Bantu Migrations (1500 BCE-500 CE)
Bantu people originated in central Africa (Cameroon).
Migration was triggered by the drying of the Sahara.
Reach South Africa by 300 CE
Introduced agriculture, cattle herding, and iron (?) to Sub-Saharan Africa
Become dominant ethnic and language group of Sub-Saharan Africa

15. Let’s focus now on the characteristics of civilizations!

16. Domestication of Plants and Animals
Farming
Population
Intensification
Specialization
Surplus Food
Complex Society,
also known as
CIVILIZATION
This slide is simply for you to review.

17. This slide is simply for you to review.
That translates
into:
farmers
herders
cities
central governments
armies
monumental buildings
written language
social hierarchies
complex belief systems
This slide is simply for you to review.
In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1000 BCE they ALL did.

18. The Earliest Civilizations
By 3500 B.C.E. humans were organized in many ways.
Hunters and gatherers
Small villages as horticulturalists
Pastoralists
Some areas formed as advanced
civilizations such as Mesopotamia

19. The Earliest Civilizations
Farming encouraged new forms of social organizations due to ownership of property.
Building and maintaining irrigation ditches depended on cooperation among farmers
Needed formalized government to manage people
Division of labor occurred
Civilizations were organized in river valleys were there was access to fresh water

20. What is a civilization? Organized Government Organized Religion
Gods;Teachers/leaders; and Places of Worship
Organized Economy
Arts, Culture and Traditions
Monumental Works; Music; Theater; Painting; Sculpture; methods of preparing food
Technological Advancement
Permanent Settlement
System of Writing
Record keeping; education; Communication; Literature

21. Illustration

22. Time to reflect: what’s in a word?
Civic, civilization, civilize, city, civility
What’s the common thread?
These English words reflect the long association between the idea of urban life and the idea of some kind of refinement of thought or behavior.

23. Who “invented” the city?
The city was invented NOT ONCE BUT MANY TIMES in different Neolithic cultures. Ingredients:
Concentrated population
Social hierarchy and formal institutions
Defense against outsiders (wall)
Monumental architecture (temples, palaces)
Management of resources
Creation of irrigation systems, granaries, etc.
Collection of taxes/tributes
Distribution to members of the court
Distribution to subjects in times of famine

24. The Earliest Civilizations
Civilization as an organizing principle is controversial
Implies civilized people are superior to uncivilized people
Implies hunters and gatherers were inferior people
Evidence points to the fact that many urban dwellers viewed nomadic people with disdain
Civilization has a dark side: increased crime, conflict, gap between rich and poor, environmental destruction

25. The Earliest Civilizations
Civilizations help us to understand the changes in human nature and social organization
Reshaped the environments
Built foundation of great literature, scientific discoveries, works of art, efficient organization of work

26. Now it’s time for what I call a “Tweety” question…
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement (TWEDYAODWTFS)…
The United States is a civilization. Defend your statements.