1. Active Killer Response Training
Survival Mindset
Columbine, Newtown, Midland City, What’s Next?
Lt Ralph McDuffie

2. Topics for Discussion “Run, Hide, Fight” Video Historical Perspective
Profile of an Active killer
Indicators of Potential Violence
Situational Awareness
Course of Action
Public Safety Response
Prevention
Summary
References

3. Historical Perspective - First recorded vehicular rampage?
1973 Olga Hepnarová case, Czechoslovakian woman using a truck to go on a rampage, who on 10 July 1973, killed eight people with a truck in Prague. Hepnarová was convicted and sentenced to death, and was executed in 1975, the last woman executed in Czechoslovakia.

4. Historical Perspective - First Workplace mass workplace killing in the US?
Charles Newton Layman was an American who killed six people and wounded a seventh in Los Angeles CA on December 16, He was afterwards arrested and found to be insane.

5. Historical Perspective - First School massacre in the US?
The Enoch Brown school massacre was "one of the most notorious incidents “of Pontiacs War on July 26, 1764, four Indians entered a settlers' log schoolhouse in Pennsylvania near the present-day city of Greencastle.
Inside were the schoolmaster, Enoch Brown, and a number of young students. Brown pleaded with the warriors to spare the children; nonetheless he was shot, Brown and nine children were killed.

6. Historical Perspective - Second School massacre in the US?
Andrew Philip Kehoe was an American farmer and treasurer of his township school board, killing his wife and 43 other people (including 38 children), and injuring 58 people by setting off bombs in the Bath Schoolhouse massacre on May 18, 1927.

7. Historical Perspective - First school shooting in the US?
John Anthony Gardner Davis of the University of Virginia 1840, Davis stepped outside his pavilion on the East Lawn to investigate a disturbance, and was shot and killed by a rioting student, Joseph Semmes, when he attempted to remove the student’s mask.

8. Historical Perspective - Total number of worldwide recorded massacres?
Massacre is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "the indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people; carnage, butchery, slaughter in numbers".
61 thru 2018, 289 significant events worldwide that don’t include every school or workplace shooting. No, this is not a complete list.
At least 2,351,923 victims or more documented victims.

9. Historical Perspective - Total number of school based recorded massacres?
From 1764 to date, 1 April 2018, 1325 fatalities have been recorded in school massacres.
During this same time period there have been 1912 recorded injuries resulting of school based nassacres.

10. Historical Perspective
What does this all mean to us?

11. Profile of an Active killer
An individual, or group of individuals, actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area
Active killers typically use firearm(s)
Often no pattern or method to their selection of victims
Could be anyone

12. Profile of An Active killer
Consequences are potentially catastrophic
Incidents over quickly (10-15 minutes)
First line of defense
Action taken by personnel on-site is the most effective way to stop the killing
Establishing a proper mindset and tools to react with purpose is called Survival Mindset
Odds of one’s involvement in workplace or school violence:
“One in One Million”

13. Profile of An Active killer
Common Myths
Out of the blue
Never saw it coming
He just snapped
Most situations will resolve themselves if given a cooling off period
Warning signs are always predictive of violent behavior
Violence is random, spontaneous, and unpredictable

14. Profile of An Active killer
Realities
Threats are almost always present
Leakage, warnings made through comments (intentional or unintentional) can reveal clues to feelings, thoughts, fantasies, or intentions that may result in violence
Erratic/abnormal behavior is a principle warning sign of future violence
Bullying is often a stepping stone to violence
The path toward violence, is an evolutionary one with signs posted along the way (indicators)

15. Path of Violence
The conscious decision to kill or physically harm specific or symbolic victims is now categorized as targeted or intended violence. In contrast to affective or impulsive violence, targeted violence is by definition planned, emotionless, and predatory.
Systematic research and extensive case experience has demonstrated the central notion of a targeted “pathway to violence”, and its significance for a violence risk assessment.

16. Path of Violence
Homicidal violence of this nature is rooted in deeply felt personal grievances, usually fed by an accumulation of work or school related or personal losses, chronic anger, and/or driven by delusional or paranoid states of mind.
Seeking revenge or notoriety by this means, perpetrators of targeted violence invariably traverse the pathway to violence, progressing along identifiable steps. Such movement is often revealed to others, as it is not uncommon for the individual contemplating violence to communicate his or her feelings and intentions in some form to third parties, such as co-workers and friends, and less often directly to a target.

17. Path of Violence
The sequential steps on the pathway – from its beginning with a felt grievance, to violent ideation, research and planning, specific preparations for violence, possible security breaches, to a concluding attack – are illustrated in this graphic

18. Path of Violence
IDEA: Attacker accepts the idea that violence is a valid option for meeting his/her needs
PLAN: Attacker begins to plan for the act of violence
PREPARE: Attacker begins to physically assemble what will be needed to accomplish the attack
ACT: Attacker attempts to complete the violence

20. Indicators of Potential Violence
Offenders
Increased use of alcohol and/or illegal drugs
Often exhibit angry or argumentative behavior
Unexplained increases in absenteeism
Depression / withdrawal
Blame others for their problems
Repeated violations to policy and procedures
Fail to take responsibility for their own actions
Increased severe mood swings
Retaliate against perceived injustice

21. Indicators of Potential Violence
Other Concerns
Increasingly talks of problems at home
Increasing belligerence
Behavior which is suspect of paranoia “everybody is against me”
Hypersensitivity to criticism
Recent acquisition/fascination with weapons
Talk of previous incidents of violence
Empathy with individuals committing violence

22. Indicators of Potential Violence
Other Concerns (Cont.)
Preoccupation with violent themes, video games
Interest in recently publicized violent events
Outburst of anger
Extreme disorganization
Noticeable changes in behavior
Homicidal/suicidal comments or threats

23. Indicators of Potential Violence
Suicide
“Putting things in order”
May not be perceived as a threat to others
Serious danger sign
Described as violence directed inward
Many active killing incidents end in offender suicide

24. Indicators of Potential Violence
Motives:
61% motivated by desire for revenge
75% felt bullied/persecuted/threatened by others
Statistics:
93% of attackers engaged in some behavior prior to the attack that caused others to be concerned
93% of attackers planned out the attack in advance
95% of attackers were current students
48% of attacks occurred in places of business

25. Statistics
Of 160 active shooter incidents in the United States between 2000 and 2013, over 80 percent (132) occurred at work.
1,043 people were either killed or wounded in all 160 incidents, excluding the shooters. There was an average of 6.4 incidents per year from , but the rate increased to 16.4 incidents per year from The incidents occurred in 40 states and in Washington, D.C.

26. The above pie chart shows a statistical breakdown of the location categories where the 160 active shooter incidents took place in the United States from 2000 to Those location categories include: areas of commerce, 45.6 percent; educational environments, 24.4 percent; government property, 10 percent; open spaces, 9.4 percent; residences, 4.4 percent; houses of worship, 3.8 percent; and health care facilities, 2.5 percent.

27. Statistics
Of the 132 worksite shootings, 73 incidents (45.6 percent) took place at businesses, 39 (24.4 percent) at schools, 16 (10 percent) at government sites, and four at health care facilities (2.5 percent).
The 73 incidents that occurred in business environments resulted in 210 people killed (including 12 company owners, supervisors or managers) and 272 people wounded (including six owners, supervisors or managers). Most of the attacks took place on workdays, particularly Tuesdays and Fridays, with a fairly equal spread among remaining days of the week.

28. Situational Awareness
Killing can occur anytime, anywhere, to anyone
Unlike any situation ever experienced
Bottom Line: You need to take direct responsibility for your personal safety and security
Survival Mindset is a protective shield
Comprised of three components: Awareness, Preparation, and Rehearsal

29. Situational Awareness
Survival Mindset Components
Awareness
Gain a basic understanding of situation
Be aware of your environment and any possible dangers
Take note of the two nearest exits in any facility you visit
Predetermined mindset will help you take rapid, effective actions

30. Situational Awareness
Survival Mindset Components (Cont.)
Preparation
Looking at your environment through the lens of survival
“What if” questions are critical in developing effective response strategies
Survivors prepare themselves both mentally and emotionally to do whatever it takes to survive
Rehearsal
Mentally or physically practicing your plan
Will reduce response time and build confidence
A survival inoculation

31. Situational Awareness
Life-Threatening Risk:
Any action taken, or not taken, during an active-killer incident may involve life-threatening risk
Survival Mindset:
Will provide a strong foundation upon which to base decisions and actions

32. Situational Awareness
Figure Out
How are you going to survive?
Will you Run?
Is there a path of escape?
Will you hide?
Is there a chance to get to where the killer may not find you?
Is your only option to fight the killer?
Last resort!

33. Course of Action Survival Mindset Continuous Assessment Process
Enables you to act quickly and effectively
Mindful, not fearful
Better able to make that first, critical decision
Continuous Assessment Process
Allows you to take appropriate survival action
Use all senses
Trust your intuition—that “gut” feeling (knowing without knowing why)

34. Course of Action - Options Based Response
Traditional lockdown vs options based response?
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”
George Santayana

35. Course of Action - Options Based Response
Run
Move quickly; don’t wait for others to validate your decision
Leave belongings behind
Go away from the killer
Survival chances increase if you are not where killer is or go where he can’t see you
Call
Inform authorities
Call and tell them the name of killer (if known), killer description, location, number and type of weapons

36. Course of Action - Options Based Response
Hide
May not be able to get out
killer between you and the only exit
Would have to enter area where killer is positioned
Lock the door if possible!
Hiding place
Well hidden and well protected
Avoid if possible places that might trap you or restrict movement

37. Course of Action - Options Based Response
Hide
Find a room that can be locked with objects to hide behind
Blockade and lock door with heavy furniture
Turn out lights; become totally silent
Turn off noise-producing devices
Call (If you can do so without alerting the killer)

38. Course of Action - Options Based Response
Hide
If two or more of you, DO NOT huddle together; gives you options and makes it harder for the killer
Quietly develop a plan of fight action in the event the killer enters
Remain calm
Can have a contagious effect on others
Keeps others focused on survival

39. Course of Action - Options Based Response
Fight
Assume killer’s intentions are lethal
killer will succeed in shooting all those with whom he comes in contact, UNLESS you stop him
Develop a survival mindset that you have “what it takes” to survive when your life is on the line
You must be prepared to do whatever it takes to neutralize the threat
Throw things, yell, use improvised weapons (countermeasures)
If two or more of you, make a plan to overcome the killer
Do the best that you can—choose to survive

40. Public Safety Response
The response will be a very strong and robust all hazards approach.
The nature of the incident is extremely dynamic and initially responders will possibly treat victims as suspects until a better situational assessment is made.
Use common sense as a victim

41. Prevention
Importance of developing a safety / security policy and a child protection policy.
Options based response and the plan is exercised
Recognizing high risk areas in the facility.
Legal, insurance and liability issues.
Develop a facility security assessment checklist that includes;
persons and property protection
financial protection
transportation protection
mission team protection

42. Prevention
If suspicious or uncomfortable, report your observations and feelings: “See Something, Say Something”
Violence and threats of violence
Often result from frustration and a communication breakdown
Individuals can make a difference
Listen to “troubled” individual
People want to be heard and understood
A safe campus, workplace or church is everyone’s responsibility

43. Prevention Warning Signs
Supervision should probe to discover if the subject has engaged in research, planning, or preparation (e.g., researched weapons or made attempts to obtain a weapon). Movement from thought to action represents a severe escalation of the risk of violence.
Approximately 80% of active killer incidents at least one person had information that the attacker was thinking about or planning the attack. In nearly 66%, more than one person had information about the attack before it occurred. In nearly all of these cases, the person who knew was a peer, a friend, schoolmate, or sibling.
Despite prompt law enforcement responses, most attacks were stopped by means other than law enforcement intervention.
Be conscious of the “Werther Effect,” defined as a duplication or copycat of another suicidal act. Active killing incidents are typically well-publicized, sensationalized events that can trigger an increase in similar acts for roughly days or weeks after the attack.

44. Summary See Something, Say Something Recognizing
Reacting – Options based response
Run
Hide
Fight
Call 911
Reacting when Law Enforcement arrives
Adopting the survival mindset during times of crisis

45. References
Safety Guidelines for Armed Subjects, Active killers Situations, Indiana University Police Department, April 2007
Safety tips and guidelines regarding potential “Active killer” incidents occurring on campus, University of California Police
Workplace Violence Desk reference, Security Management Group International
How to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations, US Department of labor, OSHA 3088, 2001
Active killer, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Oct 2008
FBI Active Shooter study

46. Online Active Killer Courses
Active Shooter Preparedness (Online)
ALICE Training Individual Certification
certification/

47. Questions?