1. Soil
Agriculture I
Agriculture II
Food Sources
Toxicology
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2. Top three reasons for soil degradation
$100
Top three reasons for soil degradation

4. Three types of weathering that produce soil.
$200
Three types of weathering that produce soil.

5. Physical (mechanical) = wind and rain, no chemical changes in the parent material Chemical = substances chemically interact with parent material Biological = organisms break down parent material

6. $300 a) Two physical tests that you could perform on soil.
b) Two chemical tests that you could perform on soil.

7. Physical Tests Soil color = indicates its composition and fertility Soil texture = determined by the size of particles Soil Moisture Percent Organic Matter Soil Porosity Soil Percolation Chemical Tests pH Cation exchange

8. Three particles of soil from smallest to largest.
$400
Three particles of soil from smallest to largest.

9. What are clay, silt, sand?

10. These are two of the four types of soil erosion.
$500
These are two of the four types of soil erosion.

11. Splash
Sheet
Rill
Gully

12. $100
a) Alternating the crops grown field from one season or year to the next
Cover crops protect soil when main crops aren’t planted
Ie: Wheat or corn and soybeans
b) Plowing furrows sideways across a hillside, perpendicular to its slope, to prevent rills and gullies

13. a) Crop Rotation b) Contour Farming

14. Increases ground cover
$200
a) Planting different types of crops in alternating bands or other spatially mixed arrangements
Increases ground cover
b) Rows of trees or other tall, perennial plants that are planted along the edges of fields to slow the wind

15. a) Intercropping
b) Shelterbelts or Windbreaks

16. 3 environmental effects of over fertilization
$300
3 environmental effects of over fertilization

18. Two environmental impacts of overgrazing
$400
Two environmental impacts of overgrazing

20. Known as the Freedom to Farm Act
$500
Known as the Freedom to Farm Act
Aimed to reduce subsidies and government influence over farm products
Created the Environmental Quality Incentive Program and Natural Resource Conservation Foundation
Promotes and pays for conservation practices in agriculture
Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program (1998)
Provides funding for sustainable agricultural practices for individual farmers

21. Federal Agricultural Improvement Act (1996)

22. $100
This revolution dramatically increased per-acre agricultural yields
Spread to the developing world in the 1940s with wheat, rice, corn
Depended on large amounts of
Synthetic fertilizers
Chemical pesticides
Irrigation
Heavy equipment

23. The Green Revolution

24. $200
Two advantages and three disadvantages of monocrops (large expanse of a single crop).

25. + More efficient, increases output - Devastates biodiversity - Susceptible to disease and pests - Narrows human diet: 90% of our food comes from 15 crop species and 8 livestock species

26. Describe the evolutionary arms race between humans and insects.
$300
Describe the evolutionary arms race between humans and insects.

28. $400
Uses a pest’s natural predators to control the pest (reduces pest populations without chemicals)
b. Soil bacteria that kills many pests

29. Biological control (Biocontrol) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Cactus moth controlling Prickly Pear population

30. $500 Using multiple techniques to suppress pests
At least three components to answer a

31. a. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) b
a. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) b. Biocontrol Chemicals, when necessary Population monitoring Habitat alteration Crop rotation and transgenic crops Alternative tillage methods Mechanical pest removal

32. $100
Organisms that have been genetically engineered by Recombinant DNA (DNA created from multiple organisms)

33. Genetically modified organisms

34. An organism that contains DNA from another species
$200
An organism that contains DNA from another species

35. Transgenic organism

36. $300
Two commonly used (or previously used) genetically modified foods/crops.

37. Know about Bt crops!

38. $400 a. Also called Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
-Huge warehouses or pens designed to deliver energy-rich food to animals living at extremely high densities
-Over ½ of the world’s pork and poultry come from feedlots
b. One benefit and one drawback for answer a.

39. a. Feedlots (factory farms) b
a. Feedlots (factory farms) b. Benefits of feedlots include: Greater production of food Unavoidable in countries with high levels of meat consumption, like the U.S. They take livestock off the land and reduces the impact that they would have on it Drawbacks of feedlots include: Contributions to water and air pollution Poor waste containment causes outbreaks in disease Heavy uses of antibiotics to control disease

40. $500
Put the following in order from least amount of energy input required per kg of edible weight to most: eggs, beef, chicken, pork, milk.

42. $100
An example of the four types (cultural, biological, chemical, physical) of environmental hazards

44. $200
a. Compounds that mimic hormones and interfere with the functioning of animals’ endocrine (hormone) systems

45. Endocrine disruptors

46. $300
Chemical used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics: beverage containers, compact disks, plastic dinnerware, impact-resistant safety equipment, automobile parts, and toys, protective linings of food cans,dental sealants
How People Are Exposed to this chemical- eating food or drinking water stored in containers that have BPA. Small children may be exposed by hand-to-mouth and direct oral (mouth) contact with materials containing BPA. Dental treatment with BPA-containing sealants also results in short-term exposure. In addition, workers who manufacture products that contain BPA can be exposed.

47. Bisphenol A (BPA)

48. Three of the six types (classes) of toxicants
$400
Three of the six types (classes) of toxicants

49. Carcinogens = cause cancer
Mutagens = cause DNA mutations
Can lead to severe problems, including cancer
Teratogens = cause birth defects
Allergens = overactivate the immune system
Neurotoxins = assault the nervous system
Endocrine disruptors = interfere with the endocrine (hormone) system

50. At least three routes of toxins/chemicals to humans.
$500
At least three routes of toxins/chemicals to humans.

52. Final Jeopardy
a. Raising aquatic organisms for food in a controlled environment (fastest growing type of food production)
b. Benefits and drawbacks of answer a (at least two each)

53. Aquaculture b. Diseases can occur, requiring expensive antibiotics
Drawbacks:
Diseases can occur, requiring expensive antibiotics
Reduces food security
Large amounts of waste
Farmed fish may escape and introduce disease into the wild
Benefits:
A reliable protein source
Sustainable
Reduces fishing pressure on overharvested wild fish stocks
Energy efficient