1. Sexually Transmitted Infections
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Learning Objectives
Discuss the progressive stages of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and explain why preventing AIDS is essential
Describe how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from individual to individual
Outline how the following STIs are transmitted from individual to individual: trichomoniasis, chlamydia, hepatitis B, gonorrhea, venereal warts, genital herpes, and syphilis
List and outline the symptoms and treatments of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States
Identify the guidelines to reduce your risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections?
Infections passed to others through vaginal, oral, or anal sex
Caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites
STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated; those caused by viruses remain for life
STIs can cause infertility, pregnancy complications, cancer, and/or death
STIs can be passed on even when no outward symptoms are present
Described as "silent" diseases because early symptoms are often ignored and untreated
One in four Americans will contract at least one STI in their lifetime
Younger people are at highest risk for contracting STIs
Complete Lab 15.1: Attitudes & Behaviors toward STIs
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Common STIs in the United States
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. HIV/AIDS Caused by a virus that damages the immune system: no cure
Acquiring the HIV virus leads to developing AIDS
1.2 million people in the United States and over 33 million people worldwide are currently infected with HIV
Anyone can get HIV/AIDS; it is not limited to any group
Stages of HIV Infection
First ("silent") stage
no physical symptoms
Second stage: symptomatic infection
symptoms emerge including fatigue, fever, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat
Third (final) stage: AIDS
includes symptoms from second phase plus pneumonia or certain types of cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma)
can include brain damage and tumors
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. AIDS Developmental Stages
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. HIV Transmission Must Enter Bloodstream Most common modes
Vaginal/anal intercourse with no condom
Sharing needles: drug use, tattoos, piercing
Mother to fetus
Blood passage through membranes and/or cuts, punctures, open wounds, or blood transfusions
HIV Cannot Be Transmitted Via
Casual contact with HIV-infected individuals
Contact with inanimate objects
Sports participation
Saliva
Swimming pools, hot tubs, or whirlpools
Contact with animals
Insect bites
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Hepatitis B (HBV) A virus that causes liver disease
Transmitted via contact with infected blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva
People at risk include those who share an infected person's items (razors, toothbrushes), are intravenous drug users, handle human fluids
Symptoms include jaundice, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach and/or joint pain, chronic fatigue
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosed by a blood test
No cure for HBV
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Human Papillomaviris (Genital Warts)
Most common cause of STIs in the United States, and world
Extremely high rates of infection in college students
HPV increases the risk of uterine and cervical cancer
Symptoms
None or genital warts
Treatment
Cryosurgery, laser surgery, or excision of warts
Most infections disappear without medical treatment
HPV vaccine
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. ABC News: Will Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Become Mandatory?
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
Do you agree with this proposed law?
How would you explain this vaccine to your 11- or 12-year-old daughter?
What are opponents of making this vaccine mandatory concerned about? Do you agree or disagree?
Do you think vaccination should be mandatory or left as a choice by parents?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Genital Herpes Caused by herpes simplex virus Symptoms Treatment
Type I (HSV-1)
infections above the waist (lips or mouth)
Type II (HSV-2)
infections below the waist (genital lesions)
Symptoms
Sores, fever, swollen glands
Disappear and reappear without warning
Treatment
No cure for herpes virus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Chlamydia
Most common bacterial STI among heterosexual people worldwide
Twenty percent of all college students are infected
Symptoms
7–21 days after infection
unusual vaginal/penile discharge, burning while urinating, vaginal bleeding between periods
Later symptoms
lower back and abdominal pain, pain during intercourse, low-grade fever, pain and swelling of the testicles
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosed by blood test or pap smear
Cured by antibiotics
Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility if untreated
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Chlamydia Rates in Women
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Gonorrhea Second most common bacterial STI
Also commonly known as "the clap"
Symptoms
Milky discharge from penis and painful urination
Only 20% of women develop symptoms
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosed by tissue culture of vaginal/penile discharge
Cured with appropriate medication
If untreated, may result in sterility
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Gonorrhea Rates in the United States
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Syphilis Caused by bacterial infection Symptoms Four stages
primary syphilis—chancre
secondary syphilis—skin rash, white patches
latent syphilis—few symptoms
tertiary syphilis—results in heart damage, blindness, deafness, paralysis, and mental disorders
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosed with a blood test
Cured by antibiotics
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Other STIs Trichomoniasis Symptoms
yellow-green discharge with strong odor, irritation, and/or burning sensation
Diagnosis
simple medical test
Treatment
metronidazole
Pubic Lice ("crabs")
Seen as brown spots on pubic hairs and surrounding skin
Eliminated by over-the-counter and prescription skin medications
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Other STIs (cont.) Scabies
Tiny mite that infects the skin between the fingers, on the wrist, under the breast, and the pubic area
Diagnosed by scraping the infected area and performed a microscopic test
Treated with topical medications
Candidiasis
Fungal infection
Can infect the vagina, mouth, and throat
Treated with anti-fungal medications
See Steps for Behavior Change Are You at Increased Risk
for STI?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Reducing STI Risk Protective Measures Abstinence
Limiting your number of sexual partners
Using male latex condoms
Using female condoms
Discussing STIs with sexual partners
Avoiding drugs and alcohol
If you suspect exposure to STIs, contact your physician immediately for screening
Other Protective Measures
Inspect yourself and your partner for signs of STIs
Do not share needles, scissors, or razors
Do not handle towels, wet bedding, or underclothing that has been in contact with a person with an STI
Avoid using spermicides with nonoxynal-9
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. STI Worldwide Problem Adults around the world living with HIV in 2009
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Summary
Millions of people in the United States are infected by one or more STIs every year
The most common STIs include HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, genital herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, pubic lice, and scabies
AIDS is a fatal disease that develops from infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
STIs caused by viruses, such as hepatitis B, genital wars/human papillomaviruses, and herpes, are not curable and will reside in the body of the host for life
Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are STIs caused by bacterial infections and can be treated successfully with antibiotics
Avoid STIs by abstaining from sex and/or following "safe sex" guidelines including limiting your number of sexual partners, using condoms, and avoiding high-risk behaviors, including drug and alcohol abuse
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.