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The Ocean Floor.

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Presentation on theme: "The Ocean Floor."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Ocean Floor

2 The Ocean Floor The World Ocean Imaging the Ocean Floor
Continental Margins The Deep-Ocean Floor Oceanic Ridges

3 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor The World Ocean

4 The World Ocean Earth’s surface is 71% ocean
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor The World Ocean Earth’s surface is 71% ocean Majority is in Southern Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

5 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: The World Ocean

6 Oceans vs. Continents Continents Oceans
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: The World Ocean Oceans vs. Continents Continents Average elev.: about 2800 feet above sea level Highest point: about 30,000 feet a.s.l. Oceans Average depth: about 12,200 feet Deepest point: about 36,000 feet

7 Imaging the Ocean Floor
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor Imaging the Ocean Floor

8 Ocean Floor Mapping HMS Challenger British 1872-1876
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Mapping HMS Challenger British All oceans except Arctic Used weighted ropes to find ocean depths

9 Ocean Floor Mapping HMS Challenger’s route British 1872-1876
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Mapping HMS Challenger’s route British All oceans except Arctic Used weighted ropes to find ocean depths

10 Ocean Floor Mapping Sonar Single beam Multibeam
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Mapping Sonar Single beam Multibeam

11 Ocean Floor Mapping Sonar Travel time of ping / 2 = depth
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Mapping Sonar Travel time of ping / 2 = depth

12 Seismic Reflection Profiles
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor Seismic Reflection Profiles Seismic waves penetrate mud, bounce off rock

13 Seismic Reflection Profiles
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor Seismic Reflection Profiles

14 Ocean Floor Provinces Revealed by ocean floor imaging techniques
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor Ocean Floor Provinces Revealed by ocean floor imaging techniques Continental margins Passive and active Deep-ocean floor Oceanic ridges

15 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Imaging the Ocean Floor
Ocean Floor Provinces

16 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor Continental Margins

17 Continental Margin Types
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins Continental Margin Types Passive Little geologic activity Gentle slope Flatter coastlines Active Frequent geologic activity Steeper slope More rugged coastlines

18 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins
Passive Margins

19 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins
Passive Margins

20 Passive Margin Formation
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins Passive Margin Formation Crustal stretching & thinning Initial, narrow ocean basin forms Mature basin with passive margins

21 Passive Margins: Submarine Canyons
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins Passive Margins: Submarine Canyons Undersea “landslides” move down continental slopes and cut into shelves to form submarine canyons.

22 Passive Margins: The Hudson submarine canyon
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins Passive Margins: The Hudson submarine canyon Modern Hudson River mouth Hudson River mouth during last ice age

23 Active Margins (aka subduction zones)
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins Active Margins (aka subduction zones)

24 Active Margins (aka subduction zones)
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins Active Margins (aka subduction zones)

25 Trenches Deepest places in the oceans Subduction-related
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Continental Margins Trenches Florida Deepest places in the oceans Subduction-related Sediment traps Puerto Rico Trench

26 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor The Deep-Ocean Basin

27 Key Deep-Ocean Basin Features
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: The Deep-Ocean Basin Key Deep-Ocean Basin Features Abyssal plains Seamounts

28 Abyssal Plains Very flat Deep sediment
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: The Deep-Ocean Basin Abyssal Plains Very flat Deep sediment

29 Abyssal Plains GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: The Deep-Ocean Basin
Abyssal plains are dark blue

30 Form islands if peaks are above sea level
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: The Deep-Ocean Basin Seamounts Undersea volcanoes Form islands if peaks are above sea level Most are not

31 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor Oceanic Ridges

32 Elevated, linear features
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Oceanic Ridges Oceanic Ridges Elevated, linear features

33 Also called “spreading centers” or “divergent plate boundaries”
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Oceanic Ridges Oceanic Ridges Also called “spreading centers” or “divergent plate boundaries” Two crustal plates are spreading apart New crust formed at center of ridge

34 Diagram of an oceanic ridge
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Oceanic Ridges Diagram of an oceanic ridge Central rift valley w/ volcanoes Plate motion Plate motion Fault blocks Rising molten rock from mantle

35 Oceanic ridge formation
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Oceanic Ridges Oceanic ridge formation

36 Earth’s Largest Topographic Feature
GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor: Oceanic Ridges Earth’s Largest Topographic Feature Over 70,000 miles long

37 GEOL 131: The Ocean Floor End of Chapter

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