1. Living

2. Non-Living

3. The Forensic Autopsy

4. What is an Autopsy?
A post mortem examination preformed to determine the cause of death.

5. Why is a Forensic Autopsy preformed?
Cause of death deemed suspicious, or involves criminal action.

6. Classification In a forensic autopsy, a medical examiner or
coroner declares the death
to be:
Natural
Accident
Homicide
Suicide or
Unknown

7. Natural Death
Caused by a known disease: cancer, heart disease, stroke, genetic disorders, etc.
Often just simply “old age”

8. Accidental Death Caused by mistake or freak occurrence.
Death not planned, but can be explained by circumstances.

9. Homicidal Death
Familicide –is a type of murder or murder-suicide in which a perpetrator kills multiple close family members in quick succession, most often children, spouse, siblings, or parents
Filicide – the act of a parent killing his or her son or daughter.
Fratricide – the act of killing a brother, also in military context death by friendly fire.
Honour killing – the act of killing a family member who has or was perceived to have brought disgrace to the family.
Infanticide – the act of killing a child within the first year of its life.

10. Mariticide – the act of killing one's husband.
Matricide – the act of killing one's mother.
Neonaticide – the act of killing an infant within the first twenty-four hours or month
Patricide – the act of killing of one's father.

11. Prolicide – the act of killing one's own children.
Sororicide – the act of killing one's sister
Uxoricide – the act of killing one's wife
Lots of people…
Genocide – Killing a national, ethnic, racial or religious group
Homicide is the most investigated death, therefore the most autopsied.

12. Suicidal Death Killing of self.
Often the easiest to identify what the cause.
Can be elaborated further in the report…
Toxic, firearm, blunt force trauma, asphyxiation, etc.

13. Unknown Death
Deaths in absentia
At sea
Badly decayed bodies

14. Experts Who Perform Forensic Autopsies
Forensic Pathologist, aka a Medical Examiner
4 years Undergrad
4 years Medical School
4 years Pathology “Residency”

15. Protocol for Performing A Forensic Autopsy?
Corpse brought to M.E.
In a new body bag/clean sheets
Avoids cross-transfer of evidence
Placed on dissection table

16. Physical Examination 2 Parts: External Internal
Physical outer layer – for injuries / cause of death
Internal
Internal organs & tissue - evidence of disease, trauma, toxic substances, organ failure

17. External Examination Steps: Photographed Samples taken: hair, nails
Undressed, examined for wounds
-- Lacerations, abrasions, bruises
Measured, weighed, cleaned

18. Internal Examination Steps of an internal examination. 1. Incisions
“Y”… Behind each ear, down the neck, meet mid-sternum, continue to the groin.
For suspected strangulation – 50% no ext. signs
Show fractured HYOID bone
“T” … From each shoulder, meet top of sternum, continue to the groin.
Better looking finished product

19. HYOID bone

20. Internal Examination (cont’d)
Cuts
Chest cavity cut open w/shears or saw.
Removal
Letulle’s “En Masse” method – All organs at once
Ghon’s “En Bloc” method – Organs removed in sections
Organs weighed, examined

21. Internal Examination (cont’d)
Brain examination
Incision: from a point behind one ear, over top of head, to point behind the opposite ear.
Scalp pulled away from the skull, forward and back. Front flap over the face, rear flap over the neck.
Skull cut with electric saw…creates a “bowl”
Brain cut from spinal cord, lifted out of the skull for further examination.

23. Internal Examination (cont’d)
In addition…Major Systems looked at
Cardio-Vascular (Heart & Lungs)
Central Nervous System (CNS)

24. = likely strangulation
Vitreous Humor: the transparent jellylike tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens
Not much?
= Dead longer…
More Potassium?
Broken blood vessels?
= likely strangulation
go to TOX LAB

25. Livor Mortis Meaning…‘Color of Death’. Coloration of the skin.
Death = the heart stops = blood stops cycling.
Red blood cells, plasma gather on the bottom part of the body, closest to the floor.
A line forms after 8 hours if the body hasn’t been moved. If moved, a new line forms.
The thicker the line, the longer the body held that position.

26. Algor Mortis Defined as ‘Coolness of Death’. Temperature of body.
In a controlled environment, stating at 98.6 degrees, the body will drop one degree per hour.
This happens because at death, the respiratory system stops working, the body stops functioning, it is no longer moving.
When taking the temperature of a corpse, you can’t take it in the mouth because the muscles will be relaxed and the tongue wont stay on top of the thermometer.
Thinner people cool faster then fat people.

27. Rigor Mortis Defined as ‘Stiffness of Death’. Flexibility of the body.
Shows up 2 hours after death
Peaks 12 hours after death.
Takes hours for entire rigor mortis effect to take place.
At approximately 0 hours after death, the body is at its stiffest.
The eyelids are affected first, the the jaw, face, trunk, arms, legs.
Ends after hours.

28. Pallor Mortis Defined as ‘Paleness of Death’. Tone of the body.
Happens minutes after death.
Happens due to lack of capillary circulation in the body.
Can not be used to determine time of death except if body is found still with color.