Concept Mapping: An Introduction to Structured Conceptualization

Concept Mapping: An Introduction to Structured Conceptualization
William Trochim Cornell University

What is concept mapping?
A method that... Focuses and helps objectify the group planning process Helps individuals think as a group... ...without losing their individuality Helps groups to manage complexity... ...without trivializing or losing detail

In about 4 hours of participant time a group can...
...Brainstorm a large set of issues... innovations in way network is delivered (investigate) corporate/structural alignment assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) access additional funds for telemedicine expansion better utilization of current technological bridge continued support by STHCS to member facilities expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) discussion with CCHN

sort rate ...organize the issues... brainstorm Rating Sheet
(investigate) corporate/structural alignment innovations in way network is delivered assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) access additional funds for telemedicine expansion better utilization of current technological bridge expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) continued support by STHCS to member facilities discussion with CCHN Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 sort 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet rate ...organize the issues...

…”map” the issues... brainstorm organize sort Technology
(investigate) corporate/structural alignment innovations in way network is delivered assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) access additional funds for telemedicine expansion better utilization of current technological bridge expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) continued support by STHCS to member facilities discussion with CCHN …”map” the issues... organize Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 sort 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet rate Management Financing Regionalization STHCS as model Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology

better utilization of current technological bridge (8)
expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) (10) patient information system to be shared by all members (19) the STHCS will assess the status of all participant organization interface technology development and needs (20) teleconference board meeting (21) development of interface technology (30) continued advancement of tech interface (44) assure 100% board member access to wide area network (46) utilize the televideo telecommunication, telemedicine to share resources/strengths (50) establishment of a virtual network -- as an intranet originally and eventually an internet solution (61) Technology Management Regionalization Community & Consumer Views Information Services Financing STHCS as model

...prioritize the issues... brainstorm organize map Management
(investigate) corporate/structural alignment innovations in way network is delivered assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) access additional funds for telemedicine expansion better utilization of current technological bridge expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) continued support by STHCS to member facilities discussion with CCHN organize Management Financing Regionalization Mission & Ideology Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 sort 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet rate map Management Financing Regionalization STHCS as model Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology ...prioritize the issues...

...examine consensus... brainstorm organize map prioritize r = .72
(investigate) corporate/structural alignment innovations in way network is delivered assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) access additional funds for telemedicine expansion better utilization of current technological bridge expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) continued support by STHCS to member facilities discussion with CCHN r = .72 Counties 1 & 2 County 3 4.23 3.55 4.4 3.56 Community & Consumer Views Management Information Services Regionalization Technology Financing Mission & Ideology organize Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 sort 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet rate map Management Financing Regionalization STHCS as model Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology prioritize Management Financing Regionalization Mission & Ideology Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology ...examine consensus...

…and “drill back down” to details for prioritizing action
brainstorm (investigate) corporate/structural alignment innovations in way network is delivered assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) access additional funds for telemedicine expansion better utilization of current technological bridge expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) continued support by STHCS to member facilities discussion with CCHN 2.47 1.2 4.8 1.8 5 Importance Feasibility 2.6 1 10 17 22 25 33 34 37 45 62 75 76 organize Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 sort 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet rate map …and “drill back down” to details for prioritizing action Management Financing Regionalization STHCS as model Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology prioritize Management Financing Regionalization Mission & Ideology Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology r = .72 4.23 3.55 4.4 3.56

Concept Mapping Process
Concept Mapping (Sorting input) To organize the issues Measurement (Rating input) To observe expectations and results Pattern Matching and Go Zones To link expectations and results, importance and capacity

Concept Mapping to organize
Uses information from individuals to: identify group shared vision represent group ideas pictorially encourage teamwork facilitate group decision making

1. Prepare Project: Develop a focus
To begin… 1. Prepare Project: Develop a focus “A specific issue that is relevant to the mental health of women and girls is . . ." ...focus

Participants Contribute Knowledge and Opinion
1. Prepare Project Body image issues- (breast size, hair color/texture, nose, other physical features vs external valuation of "beauty"). (9) The development and evaluation of Internet-based interventions that can be accessed by women anywhere, anytime. (31) The impact of race, ethnicity, culture, class, sexual orientation and age on the expression of symptoms. (54) Lack of encouragement and opportunity at the elementary, middle and high school levels for career opportunities that girls can aspire to. (61) Lack of parity for mental health care coverage. (102) 2. Generate Ideas

Participants Build the Conceptual Framework
1. Prepare Project sort Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 Work quickly and effectively under 2. Generate Ideas Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. Rating Sheet 3. Structure Ideas rate

The Process Turns Knowledge into Data
1. Prepare Project Management Financing Regionalization Mission & Ideology Community & Consumer Views Information Services Technology r = .51 Area 1 Area 2 4.22 3.47 4.4 3.56 Community & Consumer Management Information Services Regionalization Technology Financing Mission & Ideology 2. Generate Ideas 3. Structure Ideas 4. Compute Maps

And Data Into Meaning 1. Prepare Project 2. Generate Ideas
Processes/ Methodology Issues Technical Graphical User Interface Documentation Client Issues Change Control Personal Awareness & Skill Team Issues Management 2. Generate Ideas 5. Interpret Maps 3. Structure Ideas 4. Compute Maps

Meaning Into Action, Policy, and Evaluation
1. Prepare Project 6. Utilize Maps 2. Generate Ideas r = .51 Area 1 Area 2 4.22 3.47 4.4 3.56 Community & Consumer Views Management Information Services Regionalization Technology Financing Mission & Ideology 5. Interpret Maps 3. Structure Ideas 4. Compute Maps

The emerging structure…
Workforce Housing Continuum Transportation Capacity of Community Services Caregiving Special Needs & Mental Health Access to Benefits Gerotechnology Communication Impairments Economic Security Attitudes Towards Aging Engaged Lifestyle …contains all the details and provides a conceptual framework.

How Did We Build These Results?
The Raw Materials: Statements Sort Input from each participant The Tools Aggregation of Sort Data Similarity Matrix Multidimensional Scaling Hierarchical cluster analysis Anchoring/Bridging Analysis

Representation Sort for one participant
Binary, square similarity matrix Total square similarity matrix across participants

Multidimensional Scaling
Input: A square matrix of relationships among a set of entities Output: An n-dimensional mapping of the entities 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1

Similarity Matrix If 4 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 1 2 3 If 0 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 If 1 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 If 3 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 If 2 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 1

Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 2 1

Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 3 2 1

Similarity Matrix 3 2 4 1

Similarity Matrix 2 3 4 1 x y A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix x y Coordinate Matrix

Similarity Matrix y 3 2 1 a b c 2 A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix 4 1 x y Coordinate Matrix x And from the coordinates we can compute the distances between all pairs of points a2 + b2 = c2 a = difference between x values b = difference between y values c = distance

Distance Matrix Similarity Matrix y 3 2 And can show these as a matrix of distances between points A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix 4 1 x y Coordinate Matrix x And from the coordinates we can compute the distances between all pairs of points a2 + b2 = c2 a = difference between x values b = difference between y values c = distance

Stress Is the relationship between the similarity input matrix and the distances on the map Distance Matrix Similarity Matrix y 3 2 And can show these as a matrix of distances between points A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix 4 1 x y Coordinate Matrix x And from the coordinates we can compute the distances between all pairs of points a2 + b2 = c2 a = difference between x values b = difference between y values c = distance

Stress Is the relationship between the similarity input matrix and the distances on the map Distance Matrix Similarity Matrix 1,1 5 1,2 1 1,3 2 1,4 4 2,2 5 2,3 0 2,4 0 3,3 5 3,4 3 4,4 5 1,1 0.0 1,2 3.2 1,3 2.8 1,4 1.1 2,2 0.0 2,3 4.8 2,4 4.6 3,3 0.0 3,4 2.1 4,4 0.0 Similarities Distances Low stress values means there is a greater correspondence between the similarities and the map

Directionality Does MDS know North from South? Dimensionality Why only two dimensions? Stress How much does it really matter?

Cluster Analysis Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering criterion
clusters get built in a tree-like method Agglomerative builds toward all items in one pile (divisive - all start in one and divide) Clustering criterion the rule used to decide the next cluster merge Ward’s algorithm Number of Clusters

Cluster Analysis 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 7 5 8 9 10 1
Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 1 + 6

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 1 + 6 5 + 7

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 3 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 3 4 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 3 4 5 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10)

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10) ((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4)

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10) ((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4) (5 + 7) + ((2 + (9 + 10))

Merge Points Merged 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 Number of Clusters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10) ((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4) (5 + 7) + ((2 + (9 + 10)) (((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4)) +

What is the Bridging Value?
tells you whether the statement was sorted with others that are close to it on the map or whether it was sorted with items that are farther away on the map.

The Bridging Value Helps us interpret what content is associated with specific areas of the map Statements with lower bridging values are generally better indicators of the meaning of their part of the map than statements with higher bridging values Statements with higher bridging values means statement is a bridge between different areas on map

Compute Bridging Values
A bridging value always ranges from 0 to 1 The bridging values are computed after the map is computed. The cluster bridging value is simply the average bridging value across all statements in a cluster.

Bridging Value, Step 1 1. We begin by computing the proportion of sorters who put point i and j together in a pile: where sij = number of sorters who placed point i and j together in the same pile m = total number of sorters pij = proportion of sorters who placed point i and j together in the same pile

Bridging Value, Step 2 2. We compute the Euclidean Distance between all pairs of standardized points: Where xi = MDS x-coordinate for point i yi = MDS y-coordinate for point i xj = MDS x-coordinate for point j yj = MDS y-coordinate for point j dij = standardized Euclidean Distance between points i and j

Bridging Value, Step 3 3. We compute the unstandardized bridging value: where bi = bridging raw value for point i pij = proportion of sorters who placed point i and j together in the same pile dij = standardized Euclidean Distance between points i and j

Bridging Value, Step 4 4. Normalize the bridging raw value: Where
bi = bridging raw value for point i min(b) = minimum of the bi values max(b) = maximum of the bi values bi = standardized bridging value

Sort Pile Label Analysis
finds the “best fitting” sort pile label for a cluster done after the map is computed based on centroid computations

What is a centroid? 50 43 41 37 36 3 Y X

What is a centroid? X 50 43 41 37 36 3 Average Y Average X

2 Your Pile: 50, 36, 43, 3, 13, 16, 29 50 43 29 16 13 3 36 50 43 29 16 13 3 36 23 24 18 17 38 27 22 12 8 26 25 52 x x 6 44 37 distance Cluster Centroid 41 Pile Centroid 30 34 7 35 31 47 51 42 10 33 54 45 28 32 14 39 1 40 11 49 46 4 48 9 20 19 56 55 21 5 53 15

Every cluster has a centroid Every sort pile has a centroid the average x,y for all items in the pile this is the best location on the map for the pile label can compute the distance between this label and any other point on the map For each cluster compare distance between its centroid and each sort pile centroid best sort pile label is the closest one

Cluster Map with Labels
Housing Continuum Workforce Transportation Capacity of Community Services Caregiving Special Needs & Mental Health Access to Benefits Gerotechnology Impairments Economic Security Communication Attitudes Towards Aging Engaged Lifestyle

Importance Housing Continuum Workforce Capacity of Community Services
Transportation Access to Benefits Caregiving Special Needs & Mental Health Communication Gerotechnology Impairments Attitudes Towards Aging Economic Security Layer Value Engaged Lifestyle to 3.79 to 3.95 to 4.12 to 4.29 to 4.46

Feasibility Housing Continuum Workforce Transportation Capacity of
Community Services Caregiving Access to Benefits Special Needs & Mental Health Communication Gerotechnology Impairments Attitudes Towards Aging Economic Security Layer Value Engaged Lifestyle to 3.11 to 3.23 to 3.35 to 3.47 to 3.59

Importance Importance 4.46 Economic Security Access to Benefits
Layer Value to 3.79 to 3.95 to 4.12 to 4.29 to 4.46 Capacity of Community Services Gerotechnology Impairments Housing Continuum Economic Security Access to Benefits Communication Engaged Lifestyle Workforce Caregiving Transportation Special Needs & Mental Health Attitudes Towards Aging Access to Benefits Transportation Workforce Capacity of Community Services Impairments Caregiving Communication Housing Continuum Special Needs & Mental Health Attitudes Towards Aging Gerotechnology Engaged Lifestyle 3.62

Feasibility Feasibility 3.59 Communication Transportation
Layer Value to 3.11 to 3.23 to 3.35 to 3.47 to 3.59 Gerotechnology Impairments Housing Continuum Economic Security Access to Benefits Communication Engaged Lifestyle Caregiving Transportation Workforce Special Needs & Mental Health Capacity of Community Services Attitudes Towards Aging Transportation Engaged Lifestyle Impairments Special Needs & Mental Health Capacity of Community Services Attitudes Towards Aging Gerotechnology Workforce Caregiving Housing Continuum Access to Benefits Economic Security 2.98

Importance vs. Feasibility
4.46 3.59 Economic Security Communication Access to Benefits Transportation Workforce Capacity of Community Services Impairments Caregiving Transportation Communication Engaged Lifestyle Housing Continuum Impairments Special Needs & Mental Health Special Needs & Mental Health Capacity of Community Services Attitudes Towards Aging Attitudes Towards Aging Gerotechnology Workforce Caregiving Gerotechnology Housing Continuum Access to Benefits Engaged Lifestyle Economic Security r = -.27 3.62 2.98

Cluster mean of each scale is used to divide the matrix
Comparing each Unique Statement on Importance and Feasibility: Go Zones Feasibility Low High Importance Low High the number of senior community centers in outer boroughs and their ability to handle influx (1) 1 3 affordable opportunities for recreation / entertainment/ socialization for seniors, including access to fitness and wellness programs (3) Cluster mean of each scale is used to divide the matrix 2 homecare services during holidays and vacations (2) 4 research funding for Alzheimer's (4)

Features of Concept Mapping
guides project throughout life-cycle - beginning to end involves many stakeholder groups throughout the entire training life-cycle easily scalable and transferable uses state-of-the-art analytical tools to provide rigor and credibility

Benefits of Concept Mapping
visual product is easy to understand and present identifies disconnects before significant investments are made offers significant cost savings while improving the quality of project

Concept Mapping: An Introduction to Structured Conceptualization

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