1. Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850
Chapter 21

2. The Conservative Order (1815 – 1830)
The Peace Settlement
Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia
Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)
The principal of legitimacy
A new balance of power

3. Conservative Ideology
From Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France
Obedience to political authority
Organized religion was crucial to social order
Hated revolutionary upheavals
Unwilling to accept liberal demands or representative government

4. Europe after the Congress of Vienna

5. Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe
The Concert of Europe - Congresses
Quintuple Alliance
Principle of intervention
Spain and Italy
The Revolt of Latin America
Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled
L. A.countries begin independence
Simón Bolivar ( )
José de San Martín ( )
Britain began to dominate L. A. economy

6. The Greek Revolt,
Intervention could support revolution as well
Greek revolt in, 1820
Britain, France, Russia at war
Treaty of Adrianople, 1829

7. Latin America in the early 9th Century

9. Conservative Domination: The European States
Great Britain: Rule of the Tories
Landowning classes dominate Parliament
Tory and Whig factions; Tories dominate
Restoration in France
Louis XVIII (r – 1824)
Ultraroyalists

10. Intervention in the Italian States and Spain
Conservative reaction against the forces of nationalism and liberalism
Repression in Central Europe
Metternich and forces of reaction
Liberal and national movements in Germany
Karlsbad Decrees (1819)

11. Russia Rural, agricultural, and autocratic Alexander I (1801-1825)
Nicholas I (

12. The Balkans by 1830

13. Ideologies of Change Liberalism
Economic liberalism (classical economics)
Laissez-faire
Political liberalism
Ideology of political liberalism
David Ricardo ( ),
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty
Supported Women’s rights
On the Subjection of Women

14. Nationalism
Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs
The community is called a “nation”
Nationalist ideology
Allied with liberalism

15. Map 21.3: The Distribution of Language in Nineteenth-Century Europe

16. Early Socialism Utopian Socialists Charles Fourier (1772 – 1838)
Robert Owen ( )
Louis Blanc (1813 – 1882)
Female Supporters
Flora Tristan (1803 – 1844)

17. Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850
Another French Revolution
Charles X ( )
Revolt by liberals
Louis-Philippe ( )
The bourgeois monarch
Constitutional changes favor the upper bourgeoisie

18. Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy
Austrian Netherlands given to Dutch Republic
Revolt by the Belgians
Revolt attempts in Poland and Italy

19. The Revolution of 1830

20. Reform in Great Britain
The Reform Act of 1832
New political power for industrial urban communities
Benefited the upper middle class
New Reform Legislation
Poor Law of 1834
Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)

21. The Revolutions of 1848 France Revolution
Corruption, and failure to initiate reform
Louis-Philippe abdicates, 2/24/1848 
Provisional government established
Elections by univ. manhood suffrage
Split between mod. and liberal republicans
Second Republic established
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected 12/48

22. The Revolutions of 1848 – 1849

23. Revolution in Central Europe
Spreads – French inspired
Frederick William IV ( )
Frankfurt Assembly
Austrian Empire
Louis Kossuth, Hungary
Metternich flees the country
Hungary’s wishes granted
Francis Joseph I ( )

24. Revolts in the Italian States
Giuseppe Mazzini ( )
Young Italy, 1831
Goal: a united Italy
Cristina Belgioioso ( )
Charles Albert (r – 1849)

26. Division within the revolutionaries
The Failures of 1848
Division within the revolutionaries
Radicals and liberals
Divisions among nationalities

27. Maturing of the United States
Constitution contained liberalism and nationalism
Alexander Hamilton-Federalist
Thomas Jefferson-Republican
John Marshall ( )
Andrew Jackson ( ) and democracy 

28. Emergence of an Ordered Society
Development of regular police - purpose of police
British Bobbies
“Bobbies” introduced in 1829 – 1830
French Police
Crime and Social Reform
New poor laws
Moral reformers
Organized religion
Prison Reform

29. The Characteristics of Romanticism
Emotion, sentiment, and feelings, nature
Tragic figure
Johann von Goethe ( ),
The Sorrows of the Young Werther
Individualism
Interest in the past
Grimm Brothers – German History?
Gothic literature
Edgar Allan Poe ( )
Mary Shelley ( )

30. Romanticism in Art, Music, Poetry
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Prometheus Unbound
Casper David Friedrich
God and nature
Eugène Delacroix ( )
Passion for color
Ludwig van Beethoven ( )
Lord Byron ( )
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
William Wordsworth ( )
The mysterious force of nature

31. Caspar David Friedrich, Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon

32. Delacroix, The Death of Sardanaplus

33. Discussion Questions
What were the goals of the early nineteenth-century conservatives? What forces were working against the achievement of those goals?
Why did Britain involve itself in the Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire?
How did liberalism and nationalism contribute to both the success and failure of reform in the mid-nineteenth century?
Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail?
Compare and contrast the Romantic and Enlightenment views of nature.

34. Web Links 1832 Reform Act Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
Utopian Socialism Archive
William Wordsworth: The Complete Poetical Works
The Walter Scott Digital Archive