1. And Relationships between heat and work
Thermodynamics
And Relationships between heat and work

2. What is Internal Energy?
Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules.

3. Heat, Work and Internal Energy
Internal energy can be used for work.
Example #1: Friction forces generated through pulling a nail from wood, increase the nail’s temperature. The energy can be transferred to the surrounding air. (The work is done by the friction forces.)
Serway/Faughn Physics – pg 332

4. Heat, Work and Internal Energy
Internal energy can be used for work.
Example #2: Consider a flask of water with a balloon placed over the opening Heating the water cause it to boil. The water vapor expands the balloon The balloon expansion provides a force that does work on the atmosphere.
The steam does the work.

5. Heat & Work are Energy Transferred to or from a System
Objects contain internal energy, but are not said to have heat or work. The heat or work is transferred to or from a substance. Serway/Faughn Physics – pg 332
The coffee cup feels hot as it is transferring heat energy to your hand.

6. Heat energy is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object.

7. Energy transfer to or from a system
A balloon, flask, water, steam can be thought of as a system. A burner transfers energy to this system. The system internal energy is increased.
When the expanding balloon does work on the surroundings, the system’s internal energy is decreased.
Some of the energy is transferred into the system asheat is transferred to the surroundings.
Serway/Faughn Physics – pg 332

8. Therefore thermodynamic involves changes in heat/energy.
For Thermodynamic systems work is defined in terms of pressure and volume change.
Thermo – thermal energy – heat
Dynamic – changing
Therefore thermodynamic involves changes in heat/energy.

9. Example – Gas expanding and pushing a piston within a cylinder does positive work the piston.
As the gas is compressed, the work done on the piston is negative. Serway/Faughn Physics – pg 332

10. First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but transferred or converted from one form to another.

11. Another way to look at the first law:

12. Sample 1st Law Calculation
A total of 135 J of work is done on a gaseous refrigerant as it undergoes compression.
If the internal energy of the gas increases by 114 J during the process, what is the total amount of energy transferred as heat?
W = -135J U = 114J Q = ?
U = Q – W so Q = U + W
Q = 114J + (-135J) = -21J

13. Refrigerators and Heat engines (Cyclical processes)
A refrigerator performs mechanical work to create temperature difference between its closed interior and its environment (the air in the room).
This is accomplished in a cyclical process of compression and expansion or refrigerant, and transferring thermal energy.

14. Heat engines
A heat engine is a device that uses heat to do mechanical work.
A heat engine does work by transferring energy from a high-temperature substance to a lower-temperature substance.

15. Internal Combustion Engines
Internal combustion engines are examples of heat engines. Potential energy of chemical bonds in fuel is converted to kinetic energy of particle products from combustion.
These gaseous products push against a piston to do work. Only part of the internal energy leaves the engine as work done on the environment (pistons). Most of the energy is removed as heat.

16. Four-Cycle Gasoline Engine
Intake stroke – An air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the intake valve as the piston moves downward. (The exhaust valve stays closed.)

17. Compression stroke – work is done by the piston as the air-fuel mixture is compressed in the cylinder. (Both valves are closed at this time.)

18. Power stroke – The compressed,
hot gases are ignited and combustion
takes place. The combustion of gases cause the piston to move downward in the cylinder. A great deal of this energy, in the form of heat, is transferred to the surrounding environment.
(Both valves remain closed)

19. Exhaust Stroke – The piston moves up through the cylinder and pushes the combustion products back out the cylinder through an exhaust valve.

20. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
With regards to a heat engine: “No cyclic process that converts heat entirely into work is possible.
Some energy is always transferred as heat into the surroundings.” Serway/Faugh Physics pg 348
How much heat energy is converted to work, instead of being lost to the surroundings refers to the efficiency of that engine.

21. Entropy – tendency toward disorder
“In thermodynamics, a system left to itself tends to go from a state with a very ordered set of energies to one where there is less order.”
Serway/Faugh Physics pg 351
All systems tend toward more disorder and randomness.

22. The measure of a system’s disorder is called the entropy of the system
The measure of a system’s disorder is called the entropy of the system. The greater the entropy, the greater the disorder. Greater disorder means there is less energy to do work.