1. The Cardiovascular System
Big Ideas:
The heart is a pump
Blood vessels are tubes circulating blood & the nutrients within it to all parts of the body

2. Anatomy of the Heart Muscle the size of your fist Cone-shaped
Enclosed in mediastinum (medial thoracic cavity)
Between the lungs
Superior “base” / Inferior “apex”
Thicker stronger left side
Covered by pericardium

3. Anatomy of the Heart

4. Physiology of the Heart
Two regulating systems of the heart
Nerves of autonomic NS – breaks or accelerators depending on division
Intrinsic conduction system – heart generates its own electricity to beat (auto-rhythmicity)

5. Physiology of the Heart
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S-A node - pacemaker
A-V node - signal delay
Bundle branches & Purkinje fibers - rapid fire

6. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Pulmonary circuit – right side, blood gets O2
(heart  lungs  heart)
Systemic circuit – left side, pumps oxygenated blood throughout body
(heart  body  heart)

8. Cardiac Cycle and Sounds
Systole – means contraction
Diastole – means relaxation
Blood pressure = Systole / Diastole
Normal Heart sounds - Lub Dub
S1 – cuspid valve closure
S2 – lunar valve closure
Murmurs – abnormal heart sounds

9. Cardiac Output (CO) Function of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
HR = # of beats / minute
SV = volume of blood pumped / beat
So…. CO = HR x SV
Example: CO = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 ml / beat)
CO = 5250 ml/min

11. Arterial portion – blood away from heart
Blood Vessels
Arterial portion – blood away from heart
Consists of arteries (biggest), arterioles (medium), and capillaries (smallest)
Venous portion – blood toward heart
Consists of veins (biggest), venules (medium), and capillaries (smallest)

12. Like a delivery driver using a road system…..
Blood Vessels
Like a delivery driver using a road system…..
Package pick up (Cardio-respiratory etc.)
Highways (arteries and veins)
Secondary roads (arterioles and venules)
Alleyways (capillaries) – site of nutrient and gas exchange

14. Capillary Exchange of Gases & Nutrients
Nutrient and oxygen rich blood move from large arteries (highways through the body) to smaller arterioles (roads taking blood to different “towns” or organs), to tiny capillary beds where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged for carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
This all works based off of a concentration gradient
Things move from high to low concentrations
If tissues use oxygen to live then they are using O2 and the concentration is lower than it is in oxygen rich arterial blood so that’s where it flows.

15. Blood Vessels
Veins tend to be more elastic (more stretchy) and contain one way valves (like the heart) in order to act as a holding tank for blood and to prevent the backward flow of blood through the system.

16. Major Blood Vessels

17. Pulse / Pressure Points
Pulse – pressure wave created by ventricles felt everywhere in the arterial system
Pulse points – places where you can feel this pressure
Pressure points – places where you can apply pressure to stop blood loss if your leaking

18. Pulse / Pressure Points
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19. BP - force exerted on large systemic arteries near heart
Blood Pressure (BP)
BP - force exerted on large systemic arteries near heart
BP = Systole / Diastole
Systole – top number, max force during ventricular contraction
Diastole – bottom number, minimal force during ventricular contraction

20. Factors Regulating BP
Age, weight, time of day, exercise, body position, emotional state and various drugs to name a few, but more importantly…….
Neural factors (vasoconstriction/dilation)
Renal factors
Temperature
Chemicals (epinephrine)
Diet (sodium)

21. H.I. of the Cardiovascular System
Pericarditis (look me up on page 363)
Endocarditis (look me up on page 366)
Angina pectoris & myocardial infarctions (look me up on page 368)
Ischemia & fibrillation (look me up on page 369)
Murmurs (look me up on pages 371 & 372)
Congestive heart failure (look me up on page 374)
Varicose veins (look me up on page 377)
Orthostatic hypotension & hypertension (look me up on page 391)
Coronary artery disease (look me up on page 397)