1. Bellwork – what did you get up to over fall break?

2. Reminder – classroom procedures
Feel free to ask questions at any time – hands up!
No talking out of turn whenever I or another student is talking
When I clap my hands- clap back
Stop what you are doing and await further instructions..
During lab classes or group work cm voices
When grading other students work
Be honest when reporting marks
Spot checks will be performed – any false reporting will result in a 0, and you will be sent to the principal’s office
All assignments are to be completed in blue/black pen unless otherwise stated
Legible handwriting
Stay in your assigned seat unless otherwise directed by me
Only one student allowed to the bathroom at any one time
The bell does not signal the end of class – wait to be dismissed
If my phone rings – be quiet. Get on with your work
Do not be disturbed by visitors – continue working

3. Reminder – discipline plan
If there is a behaviour problem– which I expect to be a very rare occasion – fill out a think sheet and wait for me
If filled out correctly – end of the matter.
If filled out incorrectly, come back after class to discuss the issue
2nd offense – Same procedure, but parents will be contacted
3rd offense – Same as above, you will also serve detention
4th offense – same as above but I will also contact the principal
For each think sheet completed you will loose participation marks
Any serious behaviour issues will be referred directly to the office staff

4. Chapter 11 – introduction to genetics
11.1 – The work of Gregor mendel

5. What is inheritance? Two uses of the word inheritance –
Things that are passed down through generations
Factors we get from our parents which determine your characteristics

6. What is genetics?
Every living thing has a set of characteristics inherited from its parent or parents
For many years it remained unclear why people were like they are
Possible to identify family resemblance - but why?
Delivery of characteristics from parents to offspring – hereditary
Genetics – scientific study of hereditary
The key to understanding why each organism is unique!

7. Who was Gregor Mendel? An Austrian monk who lived from 1822 – 1884
Also a high school teacher
In the monastery he was in charge of the garden
Became fascinated with garden peas
Due to their simplicity – peas were an excellent model system on which to perform experiments

8. Mendel’s experiments on peas
Mendel knew that the male part created pollen and contained the plants male reproductive cells
Also knew that the female part produced eggs
Sexual reproduction is required to join the two sex cells through fertilization, and produce a new cell
Grows into a seed
Pea flowers are self pollinating
Pea plants have a single parent
Monastery garden had a series of true breeding pea plants
Offspring were identical each generation

9. Mendel’s pea experiments continued….
Trait – specific characteristic of an individual
E.g. Seed colour, plant height etc…
Some of Mendel’s pea plants only produced tall plants, others only produced short etc…
Mendel forced breeding stocks to reproduce with each other
Crossing – cross pollination
Mendel studied 7 contrasting traits (e.g. green vs yellow seed)
Studied offspring are called hybrids

10. Mendel’s results

11. Mendel’s results Original plants = P, or parental generation
Offspring – F1, or filial generation
Mendel’s offspring only had the characteristic of one of the parents
A mixture was never observed
Mendel had two conclusions
An individuals characteristics are determined by factors that are passed from parents to their offspring
Some traits are dominant over other traits

12. Genes and Alleles
Gene – Factor that is passed from parent to offspring
Allele – The different possible expressions of a gene
Can you think of any examples of genes and their subsequent alleles?

13. Dominant and recessive alleles
Mendel’s second conclusion lead to the principle of dominance
Some alleles are dominant, others are recessive
An organism with a dominant allele will exhibit that trait
Recessive alleles will only be exhibited when the dominant allele is not present
Which of Mendel’s alleles were dominant? Which were recessive?

14. Variation in the classroom
Turn to page 311 in the textbook

15. Segregation
Mendel was confused. Had the recessive trait disappeared, or was it still there somewhere?
He crossed all the F1 plants together, producing an F2 generation
What do you think happened?

16. Results of F1 cross

17. Explaining the F1 cross
During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each othe so that each gamete carries only a single copy of the gene
Alleles are paired up again during fertilisation

18. Gametes formation
During Gamete formation, alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete only carries one allele for each gene
Dominant alleles are represented by a capital letter
Recessive alleles are dominated by lower case letter

19. Summary Gregor Mendel – father of genetics
Recognized that traits are passed down from parents to offspring
Recognized that some traits can be dominant, others can be recessive
Gene= factor that is passed down from parent to offspring
Allele – Different form of a gene