1. Retrospective, Perspective and Prospective
Topic 2

3. Overview
The 20th century has witnessed unprecedented economic growth and human prosperity.
The world population has increased by a factor of four, the world economy has increased by a factor of 14, and average life expectancy has increased by almost two-thirds.
In the US alone, life expectancy has increased from 47.3 to 77.3 between the years and 2002.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

4. Overview
But this progress has been accompanied by unintended and, at times extreme damage to the natural environment on which it was based.
By 2005, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a study commissioned by the United Nations and involving more than 1360 experts worldwide, concluded that humans have changed the Earth's ecosystem in the second half of the 20th century more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history.
Of the 24 global ecosystem services, that were analysed, 60 percent were found to be degraded or used unsustainability.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

5. Overview
Since the 1960s the modern "environmental movement“ has been calling attention to this outcome with an ever-growing list of environmental problems and crisis.
It began as a media focus on water and air issues, and expanded into areas of:
toxic substances
hazardous waste sites
ozone depletion
acid rain
solid waste disposal
endocrine disruption
environmental racism
climate change
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

6. Overview
The corporate sector has increasingly become to be seen not only as the cause of the environmental problems but also as the source of the solution.
And with this shift in emphasis, the concept of corporate environmentalism was born.
Over the second half of the 20th century this concept was redefined through multiple iterations with ever increasing complexity of understanding of the intersection of business activity in environmental protection.
As a result conceptions of corporate environmentalism as simply regulatory compliance in the 1970s gave way to newer management conceptions of pollution prevention, total quality environmental management, industrial ecology, life-cycle analysis, environmental strategy, carbon foot-printing, and sustainable development.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

7. Overview
The history of business and the natural environment can be traced back more than 500 years.
However the issues of relevance to our discussion, are more commonly located on events and issues that date from the mid-20th century.
The decade of the 1960s marks the beginning of concerted and sustained critical analysis marking the dawn of the “modern corporate environmental movement”.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

8. Overview
With this as a starting point, the history of corporate environmentalism has evolved through periods of rapid and dramatic changes in values, beliefs and norms.
This is what organizational scholars referred to as a process of punctuated equilibrium. While periods of elevated attention are finite in duration the worldviews (including market, social, technical, and political arrangements) that precede and follow them are fundamentally different in nature.
Since the 1960s there have been three such periods of dramatic changes in the salience and values related to corporate environmentalism. Hoffman (2001) has described them as the three waves of environmental management
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

9. Looking into the past to understand the future…
Corporate accountability, CSR and TBL
Retrospective (how did it all start?)
Perspective (central themes in the field as they exist today)
Prospective (what are the next set of grand challenges in the field and the potential solutions)
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

10. Wave 1 Corporate environmentalism as regulatory compliance
The first wave of corporate environmentalism occurred in the late 1960s and the early 1970s with the recognition that corporate environmental issues were a problem necessitating regulatory controls.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.
(Images from Google images)

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12. “Spring now comes unheralded by the return of the birds and the early mornings are strangely silent where once they were filled with the beauty of the bird song”
(Carson, 1962, p. 84)

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14. The Silent Spring…
The Silent Spring has been credited with initiating modern environmentalism.
In her book Carson, a biologist, contends that “for the first time in the history of the world, every human being is now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals, from the moment of conception until death” (p.13).
Carson’s lucid work allowed people to grasp the fact that humans are but one part of the vast and intricate ecological web.
Carson has been compared with Darwin in the sense that she took a vast range of information and put it in terms that people could understand

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16. Wave 1…
The book challenged the "golden age of engineering" and helped bring about a growing awareness that chemicals were damaging the environment and ultimately humans.
Environmental regulations appeared as a correction and control on corporate activity:
Initiation of the International Biological Program to analyse environmental damage and the biological and ecological mechanisms through which it occurs (1963).
The Club of Rome(formed by 36 European economic and scientists to analyse the dynamic interactions between industrial production, population, environmental damage, food consumption and natural resource usage (1968).
First human environment conference by the UN General assembly (1968).
First Earth Day (1970).
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

17. Wave 1…
In this wave regulatory agencies became the arbiter of environmental roles and norms negotiating on one side with the industry and on the other with environmental activists.
Although industry looked to government for the definition of their environmental responsibilities, it also became increasingly defensive as it perceived that the government regulation was becoming a restraint on economic activity.
Within organizations environmental management was treated as technical compliance, it remained an ancillary role with low organizational power and focused strictly on legal requirements.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.
(Images from Google images)

18. Wave 2…
The second wave occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s as industry moved to a proactive stance on environmental protection, treating it as a strategic concern.
This shift was precipitated, in part, by highly visible events that created public fear and distrust corporate activities.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.
(Images from Google images)

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27. Wave 2…
Environmental management became redefined as "proactive management“.
Environmental considerations begin to be pushed into the line operations, integrating them into both processes and product decisions.
Concepts like waste minimization, pollution prevention and product stewardship entered the corporate lexicon.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.
(Images from Google images)

29. Wave 3…
The third wave began in the latter part of the first decade of the 21st century and is focused on the merger of environmental and social issues with the global economy.
This shift is driven by a series of events and issues that have forced an expansion of the scope of corporate environmentalism to include consideration for the restructuring of global economies.
Environmental issues are merging with broader concerns that, in some aspects, represent a growing awareness of our vulnerabilities in collective impact on the global environment.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.
(Images from Google images)

30. Wave 3… Climate change and natural events:
No single environmental issue dominates the field more than climate change. The growing scientific consensus that humans have been altering the global climate through the release of greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution has focused attention on the need to move the economy away from its foundations on fossil fuel use and material consumption.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

31. Wave 3… Information technology:
The spread and power of information technology has increased the pace at which concerns for sustainability have become visible throughout the world.
Further IT alters power relationships, as nongovernmental organizations can organize and mobilize powerful demonstrations that can force companies to alter practices (such as the anti-WTO riots).
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

32. Wave 3… National security and global terrorism:
As issues like climate change, drought, and food scarcity force the migration of the refugees and destabilize governments, many are beginning to connect environmental issues with national security.
Further, some have begun to connect sustainability with global terrorism arguing that markets and economic connectivity of the world's poor is the only way to reduce the global threat of terrorism and extremism.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

35. Wave 3… Economic competitiveness:
Many analysts are calling for nations to maintain their economic competitiveness by developing the next generation of technologies for creating and conserving energy, food, and water.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

36. Wave 3… Religious morality:
Many of the world's religions have begun to re-examine their core values and Scriptures in light of modern-day environmental issues. In 2006 more than hundred prominent pastors, theologians and college presidents signed an “Evangelical climate initiative” calling for action on climate change.
In 2007 the Vatican hosted a conference on climate change that acknowledges the seriousness of the issue, which was already causing suffering to the poor, and announced plans to install solar cells on the roofs of Vatican buildings and work towards carbon neutrality.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

38. Wave 3… Resource and pollution prices:
The increased demand for resources is affecting previously “free ecosystem services”. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment warns that higher operating costs or reduce operating flexibility should be expected due to diminishing or degraded resources (such as freshwater) or increased regulation.
In 2010 a report commissioned by United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment found that the top 3000 publicly traded companies in the world produce over US$ trillion worth of environmental damage.
The report argues that as governments adopt “polluter pay” principle companies will have to meet the costs of reducing pollution and waste or pay compensation for the damage they cause.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

40. From Impact to Reliance…
“This is a role that needs to be forward looking. If you sit at the beach and you can look at the waves coming towards you... I can see issues around resource constraints, and how it is going to get hard…how it is going to seriously constrain our business. For me it is a tsunami. The operations people couldn’t even see the waves. MetalmineOz needs strategic thinking...”
--Global Leader Environment, Health and Safety, MetalmineOz

41. From Impact to Reliance…
“So how do I champion? Going back 20 years, 30 years, the only business case we could have put up was the one based on reputation. If you do something, your business will be impacted and your NPV [Net Present Value] will be impacted upon. The big change is going from impact to reliance. You cannot mine without land, we can’t run a mine without water, we have to be careful what we put up into the air… so I champion through bringing in the reliance, so it’s really going from impact to reliance. It’s about bringing these issues from being on the outside of the radar screen, to becoming a core part of your business. You have to draw attention to how these have now become very tangible constraints. We damage the environment and the communities—we constrain the mine in the long term.” --Global Leader Environment, Health and Safety, MetalmineOz

42. Concluding... New partnerships are being formed:
alliances between NGOs and businesses
industry coalitions
self-regulation
industrial ecology
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.

43. Conclusion.
In the journey from corporate accountability to CSR, to TBL, institutional pluralism and organizational diversity is the new normal. And this is a clear departure from the set of actors that once created the business-school stage.
Bansal, P., & Hoffman, A. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook Of Business and the Natural Environment. Hampshire: Oxford University Press.