1. OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI Forelimb Coto The girdle
* Cingulum membri thoracici (Pectoral girdle)
The column
* Stylopodium
Brachium (the upperarm) (humerus)
* Zeugopodium
Antebrachium (the forearm)(radius-ulna)
The extremity
* Autopodium
Skeleton manus
- Basipodium
Ossa carpi
- Metapodium
Ossa metacarpi
- Acropodium
Ossa digitorum manus
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2. Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle
Pectoral girdle is the set of bones which connect the limb to the axial skeleton. It comprise three main bones;
All three bones are fully developed in reptiles and flying birds.
Coracoid
Clavicula
Scapula
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3. Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle
*Synsarcosis*
Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle
Coracoid is totally regressed and represented only a bony process on the scapula in man and domestic mammals
Clavicula
Scapula
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4. Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle
Coracoid
Clavicula (collar bone) is a fully developed rod-shaped bone in man but it becomes reduced in domestic mammals. The rudimentary clavicle is embedded in the muscle as a small ossicle (fe), a cartilage (ca) or a tendinous band (Un)
Scapula
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5. Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle
*Synsarcosis*
Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle
Pectoral girdle is the set of bones which connect the limb to the axial skeleton
Coracoid
Clavicula
Scapula is the main structure of shoulder girdle in domestic mammals. It is well-developed and carries the foreleg. It is connected to body by extrinsic scapular muscles
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6. SCAPULA – Shoulder blade
The scapula is the most familiar wide flat, triangular bone. The shape of the bone likes a trowel or small shovel, so the name originates from in Greek word «skaptein-to dig»
It placed on a cranio-lateral aspect of the thoracic cage with almost 60° to ground
Trowel : Mala
Shovel : kürek
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7. SCAPULA – Shoulder blade
The scapula has 3 edges, 3 angles and 2 sides
Margo dorsalis
cartilago scapulae
(wd in Ru,Su and eq)
Margo cranialis
inc.scapulae
Margo caudalis
Angulus cranialis
Angulus caudalis
Angulus ventralis
Facies costalis
Facies lateralis
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8. Scapula Coto Facies costalis
Facies serrata : the serrate muscles attach
Fossa subscapularis : excavated area providing attachment for the muscles
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9. Scapula Coto Facies lateralis
Spina scapulae : Palpated long projection dividing the scapula’s lateral surface
Tuber spinae scapulae (su, eq)
Acromion (Ru, Car) : The expanded distal end of the spine
Proc. Hamatus (Car) : Well-developed acromion
Proc. Suprahamatus (metacromion) (fe) : The caudal extension of the acromion
Fossa supraspinata : The area cranial to the spine
Fossa infraspinata . The area caudal to the spine
Coto

10. Scapula Coto Collum scapulae
Tuberculum supraglenoidale : The process on the cranial aspect of glenoid cavity for the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle
Processus coracoideus : the remnant of coracoid placed near the median side of supraglanoid tubercle
Cavitas glenoidalis : Deep hollow for the head of humerus
Inc. glenoidalis
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11. BRACHIUM (Humerus) Coto
Humerus is a long bone and the largest one of the arm consisting of 3 main parts ;
Extremitas proximalis
Corpus humeri
Extremitas distalis
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12. Humerus Coto Extremitas proximalis
Caput humeri : rounded head articulating with scapula’s glenoid cavity and forms the shoulder joint
Collum humeri : the narrow neck under the head of bone
Tuberculum majus : Greater lateral process to attach many of muscles. It is also divided into cranial and caudal parts
Tuberculum minus : Lesser process on the medial side of the head
Sulcus intertubercularis : The groove between the tubercles through which the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs.
Tuberculum intermedium (eq) : A prominence in the equine’s intertubercular groove
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13. BRACHIUM (Humerus) Coto Corpus humeri
Tuberositas deltoidea : The large tuberosity on the lateral side of the bone shaft. The deltoid muscle projects from the spine of scapula to the deltoid tuberosity.
Coto

14. BRACHIUM (Humerus) Coto Extremitas distalis
Condylus humeri forms the distal part of the bone
Trochlea and capitulum humeri (in Man and Car.)
Fossa olecrani is a deeply excavated part for ulna
Fossa radialis is a shallow surface just above the trochlea
For.supratrochleare (ca, su) - For.supracondylare (fe)
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15. ANTEBRACHIUM-Forearm
RADIUS
ULNA
spatium interosseum antebrachii
Pronation-supination
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16. RADIUS Coto Caput radii fovea capitis radii Collum radii
tuberositas radii
Corpus radii
crista transversa
Trochlea radii
facies articularis carpea
proc. styloideus medialis et lateralis
inc. ulnaris
Pulley : makara : trochlea
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17. ULNA Coto Olecranon tuber olecrani -one (eq, su, ov, cap) -two (bo)
-three (Car)
proc.anconeus
proc.coronoideus medialis
proc.coronoideus lateralis
inc.trochlearis
inc.radialis
Corpus ulnae
proc.styloideus
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18. SKELETON OF MANUS
Manus : Distal part and the last element of the forelimb.
Skeleton manus:
Ossa carpi
Ossa metacarpi
Ossa digitorum manus
The size, number and function of the bones are different among mammals depending on the foot posture. According to phylogenetic position of the animals the foot posture changes and reduction is occured on the digits. The mammals divide into 3 main groups on the basis of their types of foot posture;
1- Plantigrade (Man, primates, some carnivores such as bears and raccoon, rodents, rabbit)
2- Digitigrade (carnivores)
3- Unguligrade (pigs, ruminants and equines)
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19. SKELETON OF MANUS Coto Ossa carpi (wrist bones)
Ossa metacarpi (instep)
Ossa digitorum manus (phalanges)
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20. CARPUS-CARPAL BONES-OSSA CARPI
Skeleton of te carpus is formed by the two rows of small rounded bones.
Proximal row : Os carpi radiale – intermedium – ulnare – accessorium
(scaphoid) (lunate) (triquetrum) (pisiform)
Distal row : Os carpale primum – secundum – tertium – quartum
(trapezium) (trapezoid) (capitate) (hamate)
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21. The Wrist bone – Ossa carpi
The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones or absence of one or more bones
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22. The Wrist bone – Ossa carpi
The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones or absence of one or more bones
The pig has the generalized pattern of eight bones
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23. The Wrist bone – Ossa carpi
The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones or absence of one or more bones
The Carnivores have 7 carpal bones due to fusion of the radil and intermediate carpal bones at the proximal row. (os carpi intermedioradiale)
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24. The Wrist bone – Ossa carpi
The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones or absence of one or more bones
The equine has also 7 carpal bones. The missing bone is the first carpal bones of distal row.
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25. The Wrist bone – Ossa carpi
The number of carpal bones varies between species due to the fusion between bones or absence of one or more bones
The ruminants have 6 carpal bones because of the 1st carpal bone is absent and 2nd and 3rd bones are fused at the distal row.
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26. The Wrist bones-Ossa carpi
The shape and position ;
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27. OSSA METACARPI
Metacarpus consists of five bones between carpus and digits, numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral
Os metacarpalia I – II – III – IV – V
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28. OSSA METACARPI
The carnivors have the generalized pattern of five bones. The 1st bone is reduced and bears no weight (The 1st digit doesn’t touch the ground)
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29. OSSA METACARPI
The pig has four bones in metacarpus. The 1st bone is missing, 2nd and 5tf are greatly reduced and dont bear the weight.
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30. OSSA METACARPI
The ruminants have two metacarpal bones. The 1st and 2nd bones are missing. The 3rd and 4th are fused (the large metacarpal bone – cannon bone). The 5th is reduced and unfunctional (the small metacarpal bone).
Anatomy;
Basis
-Tuberositas ossis metacarpalia III
Body
-Sulcus longitudinalis dorsalis (Ru)
-Sulcus longitudinalis palmaris (Ru)
-Canalis metacarpi proximalis (Ru)
-Canalis metacarpi distalis (Ru)
Caput
-Verticillus
-inc.intercapitalis
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31. OSSA METACARPI
The horses have 3 metacarpal bones totally. The 1st and 5th bones are absent. The 2nd and 4th bones (splint bones) are greatly reduced. The large 3rd bone (the cannon bone) is the only metacarpal to articulate with the digit and bears the all weight
Splint : kıymık şeklinde
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32. DIGITS and DIGITAL BONES
Digits: The term of the digit correspond to finger and toes of man. There are 5 digits in the generalized digital pattern numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral. It generally consists of 3 phalanges.
The shape, size and numbers of the digits and phalanges different among mammals.
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
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33. Digits in Carnivore Coto
They have four main weight bearing digits and a dew claw (1st digit)
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
- Extensor process
- Flexor process
- Ungual process: is a tapered, cone shaped process covered by horny claw
- Horny claw: corresponds to finger nail and covers the ungula process
Dew claw : a digit is not bearing weight. It means that is not step the ground
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34. Digits in Pig
They have four digits. The 1st is missing. The 3rd and 4th are fully developed bearing weight digits. The 2nd and 5th are reduced and don’t bear weight.
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
Coto

35. Digits in Ruminant Coto
They have four digits. The 3rd and 4th are fully developed bearing weight digits. The 2nd and 5th are not palpable. There are vestiges and locate behind the fetlock
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
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36. Digits in Equine
They have one digit. It consists of three phalanges
Phalanx proximalis (long pastern)
Basis
Corpus
Trigonum phalangis prox.
Caput
Phalanx media (short pastern)
Phalanx distalis (coffin bone)
Pastern : bukağılık
Coffin : tabut
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37. Distal Phalanx in Horse
Facies articularis joints with medial one
Margo coronalis
proc.extensorius
(m.ext.digit.comm.)
Facies parietalis : next to the hoof wall
processus palmaris
sulcus palmaris
Margo solearis
Facies solearis ; facing the ground
Canalis solaris
Linea semilunaris
Planum cutaneum
Facies flexoria
(m.flex.digit.prof.)
Coto

38. OSSA SESAMOIDEA Coto Ossa sesamoidea proximalia
(on the palmar side of the metacarpophalengeal joint)
Eq;2 – Ru;2 – Su;8 – Car;10
Os sesamoideum distale
(on the palmar side of the distal interphalangeal joint)
Eq;1 – Ru;2 – Su;2 – Car;5 (kıkırdak)
Ossa sesamoidea dorsalia ( car;5 )
(on the dorsal side of the proximal interphalangeal joint)
Coto

39. OSSA SESAMOIDEA Coto Ossa sesamoidea proximalia
(on the palmar side of the metacarpophalengeal joint)
Eq;2 – Ru;2 – Su;8 – Car;10
Os sesamoideum distale
(on the palmar side of the distal interphalangeal joint)
Eq;1 – Ru;2 – Su;2 – Car;5 (kıkırdak)
Ossa sesamoidea dorsalia ( car;5 )
(on the dorsal side of the proximal interphalangeal joint)
Coto